Chapter 1 Gerund and Infinitive a. Gerund Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja disebabkan oleh kasus tertentu harus ditambahkan –ing (Verb –ing). Gerund dikenal juga dengan kata kerja yang dibendakan. Gerund digunakan jika: 1. Kata kerja (Verb) sebagai Subjek Example: Speaking is better than thinking. Swimming is good sport. Jogging makes us fresh. 2. Kata Kerja (Verb) sebagai Objek/Complement Example: She likes dancing. My hobby is cycling. 3. Kata kerja (Verb) sebagai prepositional objek (kata kerja terletak setelah kata depan) Example: I am sorry for coming late. On opening the door, I saw him. Before leaving, he said nothing. 4. Setelah istilah khusus Example: It is no use studying without practicing. It is worth reading source books. She is busy preparing for the exams. She usually can’t help laughing when she hears a joke. I am used to eating gudeg Yogya. (terbiasa) BERBEDA DENGAN I used to eat Yogya. (pernah) She gets used to leaving near the airport. Rudi is accustomed to wearing a tie during his work. 5. Kata kerja setelah possessive adjective Example: Her teaching is fascinating. His staring frightens. I hate Iwan’s wearing tattoo. 6. Kata kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu Admit Miss Approve of Appreciate Postpone Be better off Avoid Practice Can’t help Complete Quit Count on Consider Recall Do not mind/mind Delay Recommend Forget about Deny Regret Get through Discuss Risk Insist on Enjoy Stop Keep on Look forward to Finish Suggest Object to Keep Tolerate Think about Mention Understand Think of Example: We enjoy seeing them again after so many years. Bob admitted stealing the money. b. To Infinitive To infinitive merupakan Verb simple dengan awalan to. To infinitive ini digunakan apabila: 1. Kata kerja setelah objek tertentu (accusative Object) Example: She wanted me to buy a new camera. Prabu asked to go with him. 2. Kata kerja setalah kata Tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda (Noun Clause) Example: She wanted to know how to manage the business. I don’t know what to do. 3. Kata kerja sebagai complement Example: He is a nice man to talk to. Dedy is too young to run the business. It is difficult to adapt in a new environment. It is easy for me to defeat him. 4. Kata kerja setelah kata sifat berikut: Example: The students are not yet able to handle such problem. We are ready to pass the test. Anxious Boring Dangerous Certain Eager Good Glad Ready Pleased Prepared Able Usual Common Difficult Wrong 5. Kata kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu: Agree Fail Appear Forget Arrange Hesitate Ask Hope Claim Intend Consent Learn Decide Manage Demand Mean Deserve Need Expect Offer Plan Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Seem Tend Threaten Wait Want The pattern: Subject + Special Verb + To Infinitive We planned to leave. Example: Ratu learned to swim when she was young. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village. I expect to begin studying law next month. Exercises: 1. He wanted ________ with Mr. Brown. (A) speak (B) speaks (C) to speak (D) to speaking 2. She is considering not _________. (A) going (B) go (C) to going (D) to go 3. We enjoyed _________ with your boyfriend. (A) talk (B) talking (C) talks (D) to talking 4. She mentions ________ at El Paso in her letter. (A) stop (B) stopping (C) stops (D) stoping 5. They didn’t plan ________ a car. (A) buy (B) to buy (C) buys (D) to buys 6. Strauss finished ______ two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday. (A) written (B) write (C) to write (D) writing 7. We demand ________ our status. (A) to know (B) knowing (C) knows (D) to knows 8. I intend _________ you that we cannot _________ your application. (A) to inform, approve (B) inform, approve (C) to informs, approves (D) inform, approved 9. Many people have stopped ________ because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health. (A) to smoke (B) smoked (C) smoking (D) to smokes 10. The weather tends _________ in May. (A) improving (B) improves (C) to improve (D) improved 11. When friend insists on _____ expensive gifts, it makes most Americans uncomfortable. (A) them to accept (B) their accepting (C) they accepting (D) they accept 12. I am looking forward _________ the information from you soon. (A) to hear (B) to hearing (C) hearing (D) hears 13. I can’t help ________ in love with you. (A) falls (B) falling (C) to fall (D) to falling 14. I avoid _______ problem with your family. (A) get (B) getting (C) got (D) to got 15. John completed _______ his thesis this summer. (A) writing (B) write (C) to write (D) wrote Chapter 2 Giving Instruction and Procedure Conversation Form for The Instruction: Jerry : Excuse me. Could you show me how this vacuum cleaner works? Clerk : Yes, of course. Jerry : What’s this thing for? Clerk : Oh, that’s for picking up heavy dirt. Jerry : Why is it bent? Clerk : That’s so you can clean under furniture more easily. Let me show you. Jerry : Oh, I see. And does it have a dust bag? Clerk : Yes, of course. Jerry : How do you change this? Clerk : It’s very easy. First, you can make sure the power has been turned off. Then this clip is pressed down. The back is lifted off, and then dust bag is taken out like this. Jerry : Let me try it. Oh, that is easy. And it’s also very light. What’s it made of? Clerk : It’s made of plastic. But it’s very strong. Jerry : Ok, fine. I think I will take this one. Can it be delivered? Clerk : Sure. We can deliver it to your home tomorrow morning. Jerry : Fine. Useful Expression: What’s this thing (used) for? That’s for …………………………….. That’s to ……………………………… What’s this button for? it’s for fast forwarding the tape it’s to …………………………………… Why is bent? That’s so you can clean under furniture more easily. What is it made of? It’s made of plastic. Where was it made? It was made in Italy. Exercises: 1. Do you have any remote control at home? What devices can remote controls operate (for example, videos, garage doors?) What devices can you operate with this remote? How can you operate your remote control? Explain the operation! 2. How to use the computer? 3. How to operate the cellular phone? 4. How to cook noodles? 5. How to iron your uniform? 6. How to use motorcycle? Explain the each numbers step by step. Expression of request: 1. Untuk meminta izin melakukan sesuatu: - Can I ……. ? - Is it alright if I ……… ? - May I …….. ? - I wonder if I can/could may ……… ? - Could I ………. ? - Would you mind if I ……… ? - Do you mind if I ……… ? 2. Untuk mengabulkan/mengiyakan permohonan izin: - Sure. - Go head. - yes, please. - By all means. - Certainly - 3. Untuk menolak permohonan: - Sorry but ……. - I’d rather you didn’t - I am afraid you can’t/couldn’t/may not Chapter 3 The Comparison of Adjective 1. Equal degree To say that people, thing, or actions are equal in a particular way, we often use the structure: As + Adjective + as Example: I work as hard as you. My brother can’t run as fast as me. The Grand Hotel is as expensive as the Hyatt Hotel. The same + as Example: A telephone number is the same as a phone number. 7 X 12 is the same as 3 x 28. the same + noun + as Example: I arrived the same time as Tim. She lives in the same street as me. Andrew is the same age as Caroline. 2. Comparative degree To say that people, things, or actions are unequal in a particular way. We use the comparative to compare one person, things, or action with another person, thing, or action. Adjectives that have one or two syllables, the comparative is ended with –er. Adjective + er + (than) Example: It is easier to phone than to write a letter. I am better than yesterday. I can run faster than him. Adjectives that have three syllables or longer, the comparative is ended with more. More + adjective + (than) Example: Is it more expensive to go by car or by train? You must be more careful. I don’t like my job. I want to do something more interesting. A bit …….. /much …… Example: Tom is a bit older than Ted. Indonesia is much bigger than Singapore. 3. Superlative degree We use the superlative to compare somebody or something with the whole group that he/she belongs to. Adjectives that have one or two syllable, the superlative is ended with –est. The + adjective + est Example: She is the one of the richest people in town. Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? Ken is a good player, but he isn’t the best in the team. Adjectives that have three syllables or longer, the superlative is ended with the most. The most + adjective Example: Money is important but it isn’t the most important thing in life. What is the most unusual thing you have ever done? Exercise 1: Write the comparative forms for the following adjectives. ex: Old = older than 1. small 2. big 3. important 4. easy 5. difficult 6. long 7. heavy 8. sweet 9. expensive 10. hot 11. cheap 12. good 13. bad 14. far 15. lazy Exercise 2: Complete the sentences. Use the comparative form of the words in italics. 1. comfortable This chair is more comfortable than that chair. 2. large Your apartment is _______________ mine. 3. warm It’s ___________ today _______ yesterday. 4. dark Tom’s mustache is ____________________ Don’s. 5. important Love is ______________________ money. 6. lazy I’m __________ my roommate. 7. tall My brother is ______________ I am. 8. heavy Iron is ____________________ wood. 9. difficult My physics course is _______________________ my math course. 10. good Nadia’s English is _____________________ her husband. 11. long The Nile River is ___________________ the Mississippi. 12. intelligent A dog is ___________________ a chicken. 13. good My wife’s cooking is ________________ mine. 14. bad My cooking is ___________________ my wife’s 15. short My little finger is _________________ my middle finger. 16. pretty This dress is ______________ that one. 17. far Your apartment is ________ from school ________ mine. 18. strong A horse is ___________ a person. 19. curly Ken’s hair is _____________ mine. 20. beautiful A rose is ________________ a weed. Exercise 3: Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the adjectives in italics. 1. large The largest city in Canada I Toronto. 2. long The Nile is ________________ river in the world. 3. interesting I’m taking four classes. My history class is _________________ of all. 4. high Mt. McKinley in Alaska is ________________ mountain in North America. 5. tall The Sears Tower is _____________ building in Chicago. 6. big Lake Superior is _________ lake in North America. 7. short February is ________________ month of the year. 8. far Pluto is ______________ planet from the sun. 9. bad In my opinion, Harry’s Steak House is ___________ restaurant in the city. 10. good In my opinion, the Doghouse Café has ________ food in the city. 11. beautiful In my opinion, Seattle is _________________ city in the United States. 12. comfortable Ken is sitting in _________________ chair in the room. 13. fast ___________ way to travel is by airplane. 14. good When you feel depressed, laughter is ___________ medicine. 15. large Asia is __________ continent in the world. 16. small Australia is ________________ continent in the world. 17. expensive Sally ordered _________________food on the menu for dinner last night. 18. easy taking a taxi is ______________ way to get to the airport. 19. important I think good health is ____________________ thing in life. 20. famous The Gateway Arch is _________________landmark in St. Louis, Missouri. Chapter 4 Telephoning and Making an Appointment The Conversation 1: Operator : Good afternoon. Pacific Computer System. May I help you? Caller : Hello. Is it possible to speak to Mr. Bradley, extension 321, please? Operator : Just a moment, please. I will connect you. (pause, clicks) I’m trying to connect you. (Engaged tone) I’m sorry, the number is engaged. Would you like to hold? Caller : No, it’s all right. I’ll call back. The Conversation 2: Operator : Good morning. Pacific Computer Systems. may I help you? Susan : Hello, could I speak to John Brown, please? Operator : Hold the line a moment please. I’ll put you through to his secretary. It’s ringing for you now. Mary : Hello. John Brown’s office. Mary’s speaking. Susan : Hello. I’m Susan Miller of Jakarta Banking. I’m phoning to fix an appointment with Mr. Brown. Would ten tomorrow be all right? Mary : I’m afraid not. She’s got rather full day tomorrow. Susan : Could you make it at eleven o’clock? Mary : Sorry, but that’s taken too. The Conversation 3: Susan : Will you able to see me tomorrow? Mr. Brown : What time is it? Susan : At two o’clock. Mr. Brown : No, I’m afraid I can’t. Susan : How about three o’clock? Mr. Brown : Yes, that’s fine. Susan : Ok. I’ll see you then. Useful Expressions: Answering a call Good morning/afternoon/evening, ABC Company. Can I help you? Hello. Production Department. Clara’s speaking. May I help you? Making a call Could I speak to Mr/Ms ……………? Is it possible to speak to Mr/Ms …………….? Could you put me through to Mr/Ms ………………..? Could I have extension 123, please? Possible situations Who’s calling? I’m sorry, Mr/Ms ………….. is out. May I know who’s speaking? I’m afraid, Mr/Ms …………. is having a meeting. Is there something I can do? Mr/Ms ……………. is taking on another telephone. Will you wait a moment? Transferring a call Just a moment, please. I’ll put you through. Hold on, please. I’ll connect you immediately. You are through now. If you didn’t hear, you can say I’m sorry. I didn’t catch what you said. Sorry, I can’t hear. It’s a bad line. Could speak up, please? Could you repeat what you said, please? Could you say that again? Making an appointment I’d like to fix an appointment with Mr. X. Would ten tomorrow be all right? Do you think Mr. X could see me tomorrow before ten? Could I have an appointment with Mr. X at ten tomorrow? Could you manage my appointment with Mr. X at ten tomorrow? Possible situations Yes, he’s free then. I’ll make a note of it. I’m afraid not. He’s got a rather full day tomorrow. Sorry, but he’s fully booked till twelve unless there’s a cancellation. He won’t be in till 12, so the earliest would be 12.30. Suggesting another time when the time doesn’t fix How about 12.30? Would 12.30 be convenient? Could you make it at 12.30? Inviting Invitation digunakan untuk mengajak melakukan sesuatu: Let’s + V1 Why don’t we ……. ? How about ……..? Would you care for ……..? I’d like to invite you to ………..? Would you like to …………….? I wonder if you’d like to ………………. ? Put these sentences in the correct order to make a short conversation. _______ Yes, please. Would Tuesday the 26th be convenient? _______ Good morning, Mr. Mane. This is Peter Brien. _______ It’s quite all right. I’ll look forward to seeing you on Thursday the 28th, then. _______ I’m calling about our appointment on the 25th. I’m afraid I can’t make it. _______ Fine. Thank you. Goodbye. _______ Good morning, Mr. Brien. How can I help you? _______ Yes, I can manage the 28th. I’m sorry to be a nuisance. _______ Shifali Mane. _______ it’s not a problem. Would you like to fix another time, then? _______ I’m afraid I’m tied up on the 26th. How about the 28th? Chapter 5 The Passive Voice In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. For example: Active: Marry helped the boy. Passive: The boy was helped by Mary. Active Passive Present Tense Mary helps John. John is helped by Mary. Present Continuous is helping is being helped Present Perfect has helped has been helped Simple Past helped was helped Past Continuous was helping was being helped Past Perfect had helped had been helped Simple Future will help will be helped Be going to is going to he is going to be helped Future perfect will have help will have been helped Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengubah pola aktif ke dalam pola pasif, antara lain: a. Subjek pada kalimat pasif berasal dari objek pada kalimat aktif. b. be……..ing dalam kalimat aktif menjadi being dalam bentuk pasif. c. Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya. d. Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada kalimat aktifnya. e. Hanya kalimat transitif kalimat yang mengandung objek yang biasa dirubah kedalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif. f. Kalimat pasif digunakan tatkala ingin menpnjolkan hasil tindakan daripada pelaku tindakan tersebut. Example: Active : My mother cooks the meal everyday. Passive : The meal is cooked by mother everyday. Active : My mother is cooking the meal at the moment. Passive : The meal is being cooked by mother at the moment. Active : My mother will have cooked the meal when the children come from school this afternoon. Passive : The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come from school this afternoon. Active : My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour when father comes from school this afternoon. Passive : The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an hour when father comes from school this afternoon. Active : We can solve the problem. Passive : The problem can be solved. Exercise: Change into passive 1. It is said that many people are homeless after floods. 2. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law. 3. It is expected that the government will lose the election. 4. It is thought the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. 5. It is believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. 6. People say that Arthur is very rich. 7. People say that he has 22 children. 8. The bill includes the service. 9. People don’t use this road very often. 10. They cancelled all flights because of the fog. 11. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. 12. They are building a new ring-road round the city. 13. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation. 14. They have changed the date of the meeting. 15. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. 16. People should send their complaints to the head office. 17. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left they key in it. 18. An electrical fault could have caused the fire. 19. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco. 20. They should not have played the football match in such bad weather. Chapter 6 Inquiry and Reply Business Letter Writing: Inquiries - Asking for Information We write an inquiry when we want to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests us. These letters are often written in response to an advertisement that we have seen in the paper, a magazine, a commercial on television when we are interested in purchasing a product, but would like more information before making a decision. Most letter inquiry are short and simple, so much so that many firms have adopted the practice of sending printed inquiry forms. As a prospective buyer, the writer of an inquiry states briefly and clearly what he is interested in, and this is receiver of the letter needs to know. An inquiry is sent when a businessman wants some information (an act of asking for information), especially about: - the supply of goods - delivery times and deadlines - leaflets or catalogues - method of transport - quotation or prices - insurance - samples - terms and discounts Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. • The Start: Dear Sir or Madam To Whom It May Concern - (very formal as you do not know the person to whom you are writing) • Giving Reference: With reference to your advertisement (ad) in... Regarding your advertisement (ad) in ... • Requesting a Catalogue, Brochure, Etc.: After the reference, add a comma and continue - ... , would (Could) you please send me ... • Requesting Further Information: I would also like to know ... Could you tell me whether ... • Signature: Yours faithfully - (very formal as you do not know the person to whom you are • writing) Terms of Payment • Cash in advance tunai di muka • Cash with order (c.w.o) tunai beserta pesanan (t.b.p) • Cash on delivery (c.o.d) tunai waktu terima (t.w.t) • Payment quarterly/monthly/at sight pembayaran suku tahunan/bulanan • Our usual terms are cash against documents (c.a.d) syarat berdasarkan dokumen/faktur • We can allow you three months credit pemberian kredit 3 bulan • c.i.f (cost, insurance, freight) harga, asuransi, angkutan • c & f (cost and freight) harga dan angkutan • f.o.b (free on board) penyerahan diatas kapal • f.a.s (free alongside ship) penyerahan disisi kapal • f.o.r (free on rail) penyerahan di gerbong • These prices are ex warehouse harga gudang • Freight and insurance to be paid by buyer/by you angkutan dan asuransi dibayar oleh pembeli/anda • Delivery will be made within two months of receipt of your order pengiriman akan dilakukan dalam masa dua bulan sesudah diterima pesanan anda An Example Letter Kenneth Beare 2520 Visita Avenue Olympia, WA 98501 Jackson Brothers 3487 23rd Street New York, NY 12009 September 12, 2000 To Whom It May Concern: With reference to your advertisement in yesterday's New York Times, could you please send me a copy of your latest catalogue. I would also like to know if it is possible to make purchases online. Yours faithfully (Signature) Kenneth Beare Administrative Director English Learners & Company Business Letter Writing: Responding to Inquiries and Requests for Information It is very important to make a good impression when responding to inquiries from potential customers. Of course, the best impression will be made by providing the materials or information that the perspective client has asked for, this positive impression will be improved by a well written response. Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. You can also include a reference number for correspondence. Important Language to Remember • The Start: Dear Mr, Ms (Mrs, Miss VERY IMPORTANT use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss) • Thanking the Potential Customer for His/Her Interest: Thank you for your letter of ... inquiring (asking for information) about ... We would like to thank you for your letter of ... inquiring (asking for information) about ... • Providing Requested Materials: We are pleased to enclose ... Enclosed you will find ... We enclose ... • Providing Additional Information: We would also like to inform you ... Regarding your question about ... In answer to your question (inquiry) about ... • Closing a Letter Hoping for Future Business: We look forward to ... hearing from you / receiving your order / welcoming you as our client (customer). • Signature: Yours sincerely (remember use 'Yours faithfully' when you don't know the name of the person you are writing and 'Yours sincerely' when you do. • Example Letter Jackson Brothers 3487 23rd Street New York, NY 12009 Kenneth Beare Administrative Director English Learners Company 2520 Visita Avenue Olympia, WA 98501 September 12, 2000 Dear Mr Beare, Thank you for your inquiry of 12 September asking for the latest edition of our catalogue. We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. We would also like to inform you that it is possible to make purchases online at http:\\jacksonbros.com. We look forward to welcoming you as our customer. Yours sincerely (Signature) Dennis Jackson Marketing Director Jackson Brothers Exercises: Worldwide Dealers Ltd. 4 Mugadishu St. Hadda Road PO BOX: 340 Sana’a Republic of Yemen The Victoria Cycle Works PO BOX: 9271 Melbourne June 14, 1999 Dear Sirs, Our business agent in India has asked us for quotation for 10.000 brand new computers to be exported to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Please let us to know what quantities you are able to deliver at regular intervals, quoting your best terms f.o.b Brisbane. We shall handle export formalities, but would ask you to calculate container transport to Brisbane for onward shipment. Yours faithfully, P. King Ass. Marketing Manager Question: • Who is the addresser? • Who is the addresse? • Who is P. King? • Why do the Worldwide Dealers approach the Victoria Cycle Works? • What do they ask for apart from prices? • How should the brand new computers be transported? 13 Garstone Road Bournemouth, Hants 2nd April, 2005 Mr. S. Hampshire Hampshire’s Hardware Store 312 High Street Bournemouth, Hants. Dear Mr. Hampshire, When I was in your shop this morning I looked in vain for a STIRTIP electric driver, similar to the one I bought from you two years ago. I am so delighted with my own that I would have liked to buy another one for my nephew. However, your assistant told me that you do not stock this make anymore. Would you please inquiry if the STIRTIP driver is still obtainable from the manufactures. I should be obliged to you for your assistance in this matter. Yours sincerely, Mrs. H. Marks Questions: • Who is the addresser? • Who is the addresse? • Who is Mrs. H. Marks? • Why is Mrs. Marks writing to Mr. Hampshire? • What was Mrs. Marks told by Mr. Hampshire’ assistant? • Who may be able to supply the driver? • What is the different between letter number 1 and 2? Chapter 7 Complaining and Apologizing X : I am sorry. Y : That’s all right. X : I am very sorry. Selain ungkapan I am sorry, dapat dipergunakan juga I apologize, forgive me, pardon me. Jawaban untuk permintaan maaf yang berarti mau memaafkan adalah: - Not at all - That’s all right - It doesn’t matter - No problem Complaining by phone: Receptionist : Good morning. Montana Texindo Corporation. May I help you? Roger : Good morning. Could you put me through to your sales department? Receptionist : Yes, Sir. May I ask who you want to speak to or what it is in connection with? Roger : It’s about the wrong quantity you have delivered. Receptionist : Just a moment, please. I’ll connect you with Ms. Clara Jones. Clara : Yes, Clara Jones’s speaking. May I help you? Roger : Hello, Clara. It’s Roger Martin of Daitona Enterprise. Clara : Hello, Roger. How are you? Roger : I’m fine, thanks. And you? Clara : Fine. What can I do for you, Roger? Roger : I’m afraid there’s a problem with our order. You delivered the wrong quantity. Clara : Oh dear. How many did we deliver? Roger : 60. We asked for 80. Clara : I’m sorry about that. I’ll send the rest immediately. Roger : Thanks a lot. Can you send them today? Clara : Yes, of course. Is there anything else? Roger : No, that’s all thanks. Exercise: Complaint: 1. You’re late. I’ve been waiting for an hour. 2. The library book was due back yesterday. 3. Excuse me, but your car is blocking my driveway. 4. I think you’ve given me the wrong change. 5. Don’t forget. You still owe me $25. 6. I was waiting for you at the coffee shop last night, but you didn’t turn up. How come? 7. Hey, I need my cassette player back. Have you finished with it? 8. By the way, I ask you to return my book to the library. 9. Excuse me, waiter! I ordered my food about fifteen minutes ago and it’s still not here. 10. Linda! Where are all those cookies that I baked yesterday? Apology: a. Sorry. Let me check the bill again. b. oh, yeah. It’s in my locker. I’ll go and take it. c. Gee, I’m sorry. I Missed the bus. d. Oh, Gee. I’m sorry. Let me write you check right now. e. Oh, sorry. I didn’t realize it was over due . f. Gosh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot about it. I’ll check it back today, g. I’m sorry. I’ll move it right away. h. Oh, I know, Bob. But you know when I taste the first cookies, it was so good. I couldn’t help eating all of them. i. Oh, I got there late and you were already gone. I’m really sorry. j. I must apologize, Sir. I’m afraid the other two waiters off sick, and I’ Chapter 8 The Conditional 1. Future Conditional (type 1) Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika sayarta atau kondisi terpenuhu. Type 1 dibentuk oleh rangkaian simple present sebagai sub clause dan simple future sebagai main clause. If + Subject + Present + Subject 2 + will/can/may/must + Verb 1 Example: If you come with me for a joyride tonight, you will have a great fun. If you don’t have any money, you may borrow from me. You must study hard if you want to enter a favorite university. If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time next week. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan pola yang digunakan: If + Subject + Simple present tense …….. + Simple present tense …… Example: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in this hospital in the afternoon. John usually walks to school if he has enough time. Untuk membuat kalimat perintah pola yang digunakan: If + Subject + Simple present tense ……….. + command form Example: If you go to the past office, please mail this letter for me. Don’t tell this problem to father if you care of me. 2. Present Conditional (Type2) Pengandaian yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada atau terjadi sekarang atau baru-baru ini. If + Subject 1 + Simple Past + Subject 2 + would/could/might + V1/be Example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. He would tell you about it if he were here. If I were you, I would start packing now. 3. Past Conditional (type 3) Pengandaian untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi yang sudah berlalu. IF + Subject 1 + Past Perfect + Subject 2 + would/could/might + have V3/been Example: If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter. If you had asked me I would have told you the whole story. Exercise 1: 1. If I were offered the job, I _____________ (take) it. 2. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be surprised if he _________ (refuse) 3. Many people would be out of work if that factory _________ (close) down. 4. They are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we ____________ (not come). 5. Will Prabu be angry if I _________ (take) his bicycle without asking. 6. If I sell the car, she __________ (not get) much money for it. 7. Ann gave me this ring. She __________ (be) terribly upset if I lost it. 8. If someone ________ (walk) in here with a gun. I’d have been very frightened. 9. What would have happened if you _________ (not go) to work yesterday. 10. I’m sure she ________ (understand) if you had explained the situation to her. Exercise 2: 1. If all the students pass their examination, the teacher will give a party for them at his house. This means that _______ at the teacher’s house. a. there will possibly a party b. there has been a party c. there is no party d. there was a party e. there has to be a party 2. “Will you come to the meeting?” “if you come, I _____” a. come c. do e. too b. will d. am 3. If you use a city map, you ______ your way. a. are not losing d. have not lost b. will not lose e. would not lose c. did not lose 4. If you took the clothes to the laundry now, they __________ a. had washed d. will wash b. has been washed e. had passed c. will be washed 5. If he prepared his lessons, he _______ his examinations. a. passed d. would pass b. would have passed e. had passed c. would be passed 6. “Your drawing was very good.” “I could have done better if I _____ more time.” a. have had d. will have had b. had e. would have c. had had 7. He ___ if I had not reminded him. a. may forget d. may forget b. should forget c. might have forgotten e. must forget 8. If I _____ a. make a mistake, I’ll apologize b. made mistake, I’d apologize c. had made a mistake, I’d have apologized d. have made a mistake, I’d apologize 9. If you _____ I shall be very happy. a. weren’t going c. hadn’t gone e. didn’t go b. don’t go d. hadn’t been going 10. “I’m sure he will be successful in his job.” ‘Yes, _____” a. if he should work hard enough b. if he works hard enough c. if he worked hard enough d. if he work hard enough e. if he had worked hard enough 11. He _______ if I had not invited him a. may not come d. may not came b. should not come e. must not come c. might not have come 12. ‘Did you buy the computer?’ ‘No, but I would have if my father _____ a. had given me the money d. would have given the money b. would give me the money e. was giving me the money c. would have given the money 13. We would have lost our bag, if we _____ it in the hotel. a. left c. had left e. would have left b. have left d. would leave 14. I’ve finished cleaning the houses, but if Ratu had not helped me, I ______ it so quickly. a. could never have done d. can never do b. could never do e. can never have done c. have never done Chapter 9 Giving Advice and Suggestion Advice/Suggestion Respon Menerima Menolak Why don’t you see the doctor? Have you thought of seeing the doctor? It would be a good idea you see the doctor. Perhaps you should lie down. Perhaps you had better lie down. Perhaps you ought to lie down. Perhaps you had better not go to work today. Perhaps you shouldn’t go to work today You need to/ought to/should …… Make sure you ……… It’s best to …….. Yes, I will. oh, I don’t think it’s necessary Yes. may be I should. Yes, I suppose I should. Yes, I guess I should I guess not. Yes, I will. May be. I guess not. I don’t think so. Ok Oh no. All right. Oh no. Practice: These people here have got problems. In pairs, have short conversations giving them suggestions. 1. I haven’t got any money. 2. My job is boring. 3. I’m not feeling very well. I think I’ve got a cold. 4. My friend hasn’t returned my jacket. 5. I’m tired but there is a lot of work to do. 6. My English is bad. 7. I’m bored at home nothing to do. 8. I’m hungry, there isn’t any food to eat at home. 9. I want to be a secretary but my English is bad and I can’t type. 10. My computer doesn’t work well. Chapter 10 Business Letter 1. Sales Letter The following letters introduce products for sales. Useful Key Phrases • Are you having trouble ... • This is why it is important to have ... • At X, we have the skills and experience to ... • May we stop by and offer you a FREE estimate of how much it would cost to ... • If so, give us a call at X and set up and appointment with one of your friendly operators. Example Letter Document Makers 2398 Red Street Salem, MA 34588 March 10, 2001 Thomas R. Smith Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Smith, Are you having trouble getting your important documents formatted correctly? If you are like most business owners, you have trouble finding the time to economically produce good-looking documents. This is why it is important to have a specialist take care of your most important documents. At Documents Makers, we have the skills and experience to come in and help you make the best possible impression. May we stop by and offer you a FREE estimate of how much it would cost to get your documents looking great? If so, give us a call at and set up and appointment with one of your friendly operators. Sincerely, (signature here) Richard Brown President 2. Order Letter Letters dealing with orders and payments for merchandise form a bulk of business activity. As a result, serious thinking and care should be exercised in drafting these letters. A little carelessness may result in loss of the customers or good will. Therefore order letters should be exact cordial and tactful. They should be definite and complete that the reader may fell it exactly as the writer wishes. Any error or incompleteness may mean further corresponding shipping delays complicated billing repacking and loss of business. An order letter need not be preceded by an inquiry or offer. Information received from catalogue and advertisement also helps people and parties in placing and sale. It has great importance. Proper care should be taken in drafting of the order to ensure efficient handling and to eliminate all doubts resulting in loss of time and possibly of the market. The desired facts are as under: 1. Details about what you are ordering or reserving. 2. Directions for shipment. 3. Manner of payments. In both order and reservation messages, the main idea in the first paragraph we are reserving or ordering something. Our explanatory paragraphs give whatever details the order requires about quantity, color, style, size, price, payment, location, shipment data, place plus any specific instructions our reader might need. The last paragraph invites prompt shipment and dated action, if desired. Example Letters May 23, 1999 Mr. Jack Brown, Director Used Books Online Seattle, WA 98795 Dear Mr. Brown:, Would you please send me the following used computer books via COD? According to your Web site, orders need to include the title, author, and publisher. Title: "Using Computer" Author: Peter Lawford Publisher: Jackson and Co. Title: "Landscaping for Fun Computer Game" Author: Janet Patterson Publisher: Nature Ltd. Title: "Linux Myth" Author: Margaret Smith Publisher: Smoothers Thank you very much, (Signature here) Fred Finkleham, Professor, OUS Practice: 1. Prepare a sales letter for this following situation: Geoffrey’s a fine men’s clothing store located at 10 Arlington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116, is having its annul fall clearance sale. All summer and selected fall merchandise will be on sale with discounts up to 60% on some items. The sale will begin on September 10. Write a letter to be sent to all charge customers, inviting them to attend three presale days, September 7-9, during which they will find a full selection of sale merchandise before it is advertised to the public. Chapter 11 The Subjunctive Angan-angan, kenyataan yg bertentangan dengan apa yang sesungguhnya ada atau terjadi. 1. Wish a. Future Subject 1 + wish (that) + Subject 2 + could + V1 Would + V 1 Were + V ing Example: I wish you would stop saying that. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. b. Present Subject 1 + wish (that) + Subject 2 + V2/were Example: We wish that you were old enough to come with us. They wish they did not have to go to class today. Subject 1 + wish (that) + subject 2 + could have + V3 Had + V3 Example: I wish that you had come here yesterday. c. Past Subject 1 + wished (that) + subject 2 + had + V3 Could have + V3 Example: She wished that she had had more time last night. 2. As if/as though a. Present Subject 1 + Verb 1 + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Verb 2/were Example: The old lady dresses as if it were winter now even in summer. Bill has been working in this bookstore for years and now he acts as if he were the owner. b. Past Subject 1 + verb 2 + as if/as though + Subject 2 + had V3/been Example: Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. 3. Would rather a. Present Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 +V2/were+ adverb of time Example: Ratu would rather it were winter now. b. Past Subject 1 + would rather + Subject 2 + had V3/been + adverb of time Example: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. Exercise 1: 1. We would rather ¬¬¬_____________ (stay) home tonight. 2. Mr. John would rather ___________ (stay) home last night. 3. The police would rather __________ (work) on Saturday than on Sunday. 4. Maria would rather ___________ (work) more than we do. 5. The photographer would rather that we _________ (stand) closer together than we are standing. 6. She would rather you ________ (not arrive) last night. 7. The old lady dresses as if it __________ (be) winter even in her summer. 8. She walks as though she _________ (study) modeling. 9. He looked as though he _________ (run) ten miles. 10. I wish they _______ (stop) making so much noise that I could concentrate. 11. Prabu wished that the editors __________ (permit) him to copy some of their material. 12. Joe wishes that he _________ (spend) his vacation on the Coast next year. 13. Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she __________ (study) harder last night. 14. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they _______ (be) adult. 15. We wish that we _________ (have) time last night. Exercise 2: 1. He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant. From the above statement we may conclude that _____ a. He has worked hard to own the restaurant. b. He has been the owner for years. c. He is very proud of his restaurant. d. He is just an ordinary employee. e. He is a successful businessman. 2. You look tired. Why don’t you take a rest? I wish ________ I still have to finish this report. a. I would be able b. I can c. I will be able d. I could e. I had been able 3. Tita, are you going to see the dentist this afternoon? I wish I didn’t have to. We may conclude that ______ to the dentist. a. She doesn’t have to go b. She needs to go c. She is not going this afternoon d. She is willing to go e. She has gone 4. Is Ratu still in New York? Yes, I wish she ________ here now to help me type the report. a. Is b. Will be c. Were d. Had been e. Would be 5. The music next door is very loud. I wish someone turned it down. the underlined sentence mean ¬¬¬¬________ a. I will turn the music down b. Someone turns the music down c. I ask someone to turn the music down d. I feel annoyed with the music next door e. Someone asks me to turn the music down 6. I am planning to go to the party tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wish _____ a. It stops b. It will stop c. It would stop d. It stopped e. It had stopped 7. I wish ______ now to watch our play. a. He is here b. He has been here c. He were here d. He be here e. He will be here 8. I wish you _______ tomorrow. a. Have gone b. Are going to go c. Will go d. Shall go e. Would go 9. Let’s go swimming! I wish I ______. We have a test tomorrow and still have to study. a. Am able b. Could be c. Could d. Will be able e. Be able to 10. I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department. But now, he ________ a. Acts as if he is the sales manager. b. Is acting as if he would be the sales manager. c. Would have acted as if he had been the sales manager. d. Would act as if he was the sales manager. e. Acts as if he were the sales manager. 11. I am sorry I can not go to the airport to see your mother off. I wish I _______ to work overtime tonight. a. Wouldn’t have b. Haven’t had c. Won’t have d. Hadn’t had e. Don’t have 12. She wishes she had not forgotten her promises. This means that _____ a. She tried not to forget her promise. b. She did not forget her promise. c. She forgot her promise. d. She would forget her promise. e. She could not forget her promise. 13. He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant. From the above statement we may conclude that ________ a. He has worked hard to own the restaurant. b. He has been the owner for years. c. He is very proud of his restaurant. d. He is just an ordinary employee. e. He is a successful businessman. 14. I am sorry, I don’t know the answer, but I really wish I _______ a. Know b. Will know c. Knew d. Had known e. Have known 15. I wish you ________ to stay at home because I’m sure you would have enjoyed the concert very much. a. Didn’t have b. Hadn’t have c. Hadn’t d. Don’t have e. Haven’t had 16. If only his son had studied harder, means_______ a. His son did not study hard. b. His son has studied hard. c. His son has studied hard. d. His son will not study hard. e. His son never studies hard. 17. I wish I knew about electricity. The sentence means __________ a. Knew b. Knows c. Didn’t know d. Doesn’t know e. Has known 18. Mother said to our guest, “I wish you _____ leave now.” a. Didn’t have to b. Weren’t having to c. Haven’t got to d. Aren’t having to e. Won’t have to 19. She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem. The underlined words mean_____ a. She actually couldn’t solve the problem. b. She ought to know how to solve the problem. c. She definitely knew how to solve the problem. d. She should know how to solve the problem. e. She succeeded in solving the problem. Chapter 12 Agreeing and Disagreeing Untuk menyatakan kesependapatan dan tidak sependapat. Agree - I agree with ……… - I think so. - It is certainly. - Exactly. - That’s what I want to say. - I am with you. - I am on your/his side. - I buy that idea. Disagree - I disagree with ……. - I wouldn’t say that. - I don’t think so - Exactly not. - I can’t say so. - On contrary. - I don’t buy that idea. Expression: Like Dislike Do you like travelling? yes, I love it. No, I don’t like it very much. yes, very much. No, I hate it. It’s all right. I’m keen on it. What do you think of the food? It’s very good. I don’t like it. It’s too hot. How do you like the food? I like it. it’s delicious. It’s not very good. it’s all right. It’s awful. It’s excellent. I think it is terrible. Practice this description with conversation or paragraph. 1. Imagine you are an accounting staff who faces the ‘PHK’ because of the economics crisis. Are you agree or disagree with this condition? Why? 2. Do you think that corruption is our culture? Why? 3. Is it ok that the celebrity to join the politic environment? Why? Chapter 13 Business Letter 1. Complaining The following letters make claims against unsatisfactory work. Useful Phrases • As someone who has worked with ... • we were very disappointed to find / see / have discovered ... • As our written agreement stipulated, we expected ... • I think you will agree that a communication problem exists. • We would like you to ..., or provide us with a refund. Example Letter Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 August 17, 2001 Richard Brown, President Document Makers Salem, MA 34588 Dear Mr. Brown, As someone who has worked with your company for over 3 years, we were very disappointed to see the accounting software you produced for our latest Drivers Co. publicity campaign. As our written agreement stipulated, we expected full efficient time with fancy explanatory instructions, but instead, we found that the software has problem with our company computers. I think you will agree that a communication problem exists. We would like you to send out a programmer or technician to provide us. Yours truly, (Signature here) Thomas R. Smith, Director 2. Adjustment Useful Key Phrases • I was very disappointed to read your letter of ... dealing with ... • As someone who values your business, I have already ... • Also, we will deduct another X percent of the bill for the misunderstanding. • Thank you for your patience. Example Letter Document Makers 2398 Red Street Salem, MA 34588 March 10, 2001 Thomas R. Smith Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Smith, I was very disappointed to read your letter of August 17 dealing with the issue of incorrectly produced publicity leaflets. As someone who values your business, I have already begun to find a solution to resolve this problem. My top photographer will call you to arrange an appointment at your earliest possible convenience to re-take photos in full color. Also, we will deduct another 15 percent of the bill for the misunderstanding. Thank you for your patience. Sincerely, (signature here) RichardBrown President Practice: 1. On October 7, the Kitchen Kormer, 47-03 Parkway Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55104, placed an order for two dozen poultry shears from the Northridge Cutlery Company, 2006 Yellow Circle, Minnentonka, Minnesota 55343. By November 30, the shears have still not arrived and there has been no letter from Northridge Cultery explaining the delay. Write the complain letter from Kitchen Kormer inquiring about the order. Emphasize these concerns: Did the order arrive? Why was neither an acknowledgment nor a stopgap letter sent? Will the shears arrive in time for pre-Christmas shopping? 2. Refer to the exercise no.1 write the letter from Northridge answering Kitchen Kormer’s complain. Explain the delay as caused by a strike of local truckers. Apologize to failing to notify the customer. Reading Comprehension A. RE: Check Cashing / Deposit Policies TO: All Staff Please follow these instructions when cashing or depositing checks from our students. • Check cashing by customers is limited to $500. • Two pieces of identification are required, one of which must be a valid driver's license. • All checks must be signed on the reverse side at the moment of presentation. • Out-of-state checks are only accepted from residents. • International checks may not be cashed. They must first be deposited and can be drawn on after a minimum of 14 days. • Direct bank deposits and formal reporting procedures are available. • Payments received must always be deposited intact. Never make disbursements from payments received. • Never send coin or currency through the mail. Bring it to Accounting Services and obtain a receipt from the cashier. Come before 2 o'clock, so that we can include it with that day's bank deposit. • Checks and money orders should be restrictively endorsed with these words as soon as you receive them: Smither Brothers Language School 15 Whitehead Street Olympia, WA 98501 Check Your Understanding • What is the limit on cashed checks? _____ • How many piece of identification are required? _____ • When must the checks be signed? _____ • In order to cash an out-of-state check what must you be? _____ • How long do students have to wait for international checks? _____ • What mustn't be sent through the mail? _____ Reading Comprehension B. Business Jargon Dialogue Tim: Hey, can I get a little facetime? Randall: Sure, let's dialogue. Tim: Great. I tried to ping you earlier, but you weren't in. Randall: Yeah, I had to handle some pushback on my proposal. Tim: Really, why was that? Randall: Well, I've come up with a number of synergies in the value chain. My value proposition was to seamlessly integrate our customer service reps. Tim: Sounds like a win-win. How long is the ramp-up? Randall: That's the problem. I projected a roll-out in two months. C-level people want to dial-in the project in two weeks. Tim: ...but you're proposing an end-to-end solution! Randall: Yeah, I know. I had the time-frame mapped out for all the deliverables, too. Tim: Sometimes you have to wonder about high-level management's capabilities to leverage people like you! Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about? Tim: Nothing much, I just wanted to give you a heads-up on some performance management issues I've been having with Pete. Randall: No room to breathe? Tim: You've got it .... Translation into easy (well, easier) English: Tim: Hey, do you have some time for me? Randall: Sure, let's talk. Tim: Great. I tried to contact you earlier, but you weren't in. Randall: Yeah, I had to manage some complaints about my idea for the company. Tim: Really, why was that? Randall: Well, I thought of a number of tasks that can complement each other in how we provide our service. My improvement idea was to include our customer service representatives our processes. Tim: That sounds like a good idea for everybody. How long will it take to put your plan into action? Randall: That's the problem. I think it will take two months to put into place. The directors want to put the project into action in two weeks. Tim: ...but you've suggested a complete solution to the problem! Randall: Yes, I know. I had developed a schedule for all of the improvements, too. Tim: Sometimes it's difficult to understand why upper management can't take advantage of people like you! Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about? Tim: Nothing much. I just wanted to tell you ahead of time about some problems I'm having with Pete trying to control everything I do. Randall: No room for your own efforts? Tim: That's right. Key Vocabulary facetime (noun)- time together to dialogue (verb) - to speak to ping (verb) - to contact someone pushback (noun) - to object to, complain about synergies (noun) - combinations in efforts that improve something value chain (noun) - the group of processes that provide something positive value proposition (noun) - the improvement idea seamlessly (adverb) - flowing smoothly to integrate (verb) - to include in a process win-win (noun, also used as an adjective) - successful outcome for everyone involved ramp-up (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something roll-out (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something C-level (adjective) - upper management, directors to dial-in (verb) - time it takes to do something end-to-end (adjective) - complete time-frame (noun) - amount of time needed to map out (verb) - to plan deliverables (noun) - specific improvements or products to be made to leverage (verb) - to take advantage of something heads-up (noun) - notice of something performance management (noun) - way of managing someone